Starting May 15, the Netherlands has introduced a new law that broadens the definition of espionage and introduces stricter penalties for cyber-related offenses. The Dutch Espionage law is aimed at protecting national security, critical infrastructure, and sensitive economic and technological information from foreign interference.
Previously, Dutch legislation only criminalized the leaking of state secrets. The updated law now makes it illegal to leak sensitive information, even if it isn’t officially classified, when doing so could harm Dutch interests. It also punishes individuals who secretly work for foreign governments or act in ways that undermine national security.
Dutch Espionage Law Redefined for a Digital Era
The landscape of espionage has changed significantly in recent years. It’s no longer limited to intelligence agents and secret files. Today, it includes cyberattacks, data theft, manipulation of diaspora communities, and even academic infiltration.
The new law addresses these modern threats by updating the Criminal Code to include:
- Digital espionage: Hacking or data theft for the benefit of a foreign state
- Diaspora espionage: Monitoring or pressuring citizens or former nationals living in the Netherlands
- Economic and academic targeting: Stealing trade secrets or scientific research
- Political manipulation: Activities that interfere with Dutch policymaking or public opinion
With this legal update, more types of espionage are now punishable, even if the information involved is not officially classified as a state secret.
What Becomes Punishable Under Dutch Espionage Law 2025
Under the new rules, individuals can be prosecuted for:
- Leaking sensitive information to a foreign government, even if it is not officially classified
- Acting on behalf of a foreign state in ways that endanger Dutch interests
- Espionage activities aimed at allies or international organizations
- Espionage conducted from outside the Netherlands but targeting Dutch institutions or infrastructure
- Inciting others to engage in espionage
The law also makes it easier for authorities to take legal action in cases involving indirect or less visible forms of influence, such as psychological pressure, bribery, or hidden financial support.
Harsher Penalties
The penalties under the new law are more severe than before. Individuals found guilty of espionage-related crimes may face:
- Up to eight years in prison for standard offenses
- Up to twelve years in extreme cases, such as espionage that leads to death or major disruption
In addition to the main offenses, penalties have also been increased for related crimes such as:
- Computer hacking and other cyber offenses
- Bribery or financial incentives tied to foreign influence
These enhanced punishments reflect the growing concern about cyber threats and their potential to cause serious harm to national interests.
A Focus on Digital Threats
The rise of cyber espionage has been a major reason for this legal reform. Dutch authorities have seen increasing attempts by foreign actors to break into digital systems, extract information, and manipulate key sectors.
Over the past year, Dutch intelligence agencies have warned about state-sponsored hacking attempts, including:
- Chinese cyber-espionage targeting Western research institutions
- Russian hacking efforts directed at Dutch critical infrastructure
- Attempts to infiltrate global institutions such as the International Criminal Court and the international chemical weapons watchdog—both based in The Hague
In response, the law boosts protection for industries considered vital to Dutch security, including:
- Telecommunications
- Biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
- Higher education and scientific research institutions
The government has also introduced a vetting system for foreign students and researchers accessing sensitive academic materials.
Protecting the Diaspora
A unique aspect of the new law is its focus on protecting members of diaspora communities living in the Netherlands.
Foreign governments have been known to monitor and pressure their former citizens abroad, using tactics like:
- Collecting personal data without consent
- Threatening or blackmailing individuals into compliance
- Silencing critics or political opponents
- Recruiting diaspora members to spy on their own communities
These actions are now explicitly covered by the new legislation. Dutch authorities can now take legal action against individuals or groups who act on behalf of foreign powers to intimidate or manipulate diaspora residents.
Foreign Interest in Non-Classified Data
Foreign intelligence efforts aren’t just about accessing classified government files. There is also a growing interest in:
- Trade secrets from businesses
- Scientific research from universities
- Political insights that could shape public policy or international relations
This type of sensitive—but—unclassified—information can be used to influence political processes, undermine economic sectors, or drive wedges between allied nations.
The new law allows the Dutch government to respond to such threats more effectively, even when the stolen information isn’t officially labeled as a “state secret.”
Warning Signs of Foreign Influence
To help individuals and organizations stay alert, Dutch authorities have outlined several signs that may indicate foreign influence or espionage attempts:
- Receiving unusual gifts, travel offers, or invitations to exclusive events
- Meetings or communications that take place outside normal work channels
- An unusual interest in personal or private matters
- Requests to keep certain relationships or discussions secret
- Pressure to avoid public positions or opinions on sensitive issues
Employees in key sectors are being encouraged to report any such behavior to security officials.
Building a Resilient Legal Framework
The expanded law is part of a broader national strategy to build stronger defenses against modern threats. As espionage activities evolve, countries like the Netherlands are adapting their legal systems to match.
By addressing not just classic espionage but also digital threats, foreign manipulation, and indirect influence, the Netherlands is taking a more comprehensive approach to security.
The law aims to:
- Safeguard the privacy and rights of individuals
- Protect key sectors and research institutions
- Maintain the integrity of political and social systems
- Support international security and cooperation
This legislative update sends a strong signal that the Netherlands is prepared to respond to modern espionage with modern tools and serious consequences.
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