What is the notion of Suite in Before/After Suite annotation? Unlike Before/After Class and Method, I never had to use them. Suite I think can’t be the same thing as Java package, since classes with @Test annotations can be put in different packages. Is that so?
Software Engineering
In today’s world, smartphones are indispensable, yet most users barely scratch the surface of what their devices can do. Beyond the usual calls, texts, and social media scrolling, there’s a treasure trove of hidden features designed to make your life easier and more productive. Let’s explore 10 amazing smartphone features you probably didn’t know existed!1. Customizable Back Tap GesturesWhat it does: Many modern smartphones, like iPhones and Android devices, have a “back tap” feature. This lets you perform actions like taking a screenshot or opening an app by tapping the back of your phone.How to activate:On iPhone: Go to Settings > Accessibility > Touch > Back Tap and assign actions to double or triple taps.On Android: Check if your device supports similar gestures under Gestures in the Settings menu.2. Wi-Fi Password SharingWhat it does: Forget typing out long Wi-Fi passwords. Share your Wi-Fi access instantly with nearby devices.How to use:On iPhone: When another iPhone is nearby and tries to join the network, a prompt will appear on your device to share the password.On Android: Go to Wi-Fi Settings, select your network, and tap Share QR Code for others to scan.3. Built-In Document ScannerWhat it does: Your smartphone’s camera can double as a document scanner, eliminating the need for separate apps.How to use:On iPhone: Open the Notes app, create a new note, and tap the camera icon to select Scan Documents.On Android: Use Google Drive’s Scan option under the “+” button.4. Digital Wellbeing ToolsWhat it does: Monitor and manage your screen time to promote healthier smartphone usage habits.How to use:On Android: Go to Settings > Digital Wellbeing & Parental Controls.On iPhone: Access Settings > Screen Time to view usage stats and set app limits.5. One-Handed ModeWhat it does: Struggling to use your phone with one hand? Shrink your screen for easier navigation.How to activate:On Android: Go to Settings > Gestures > One-Handed Mode.On iPhone: Enable Reachability under Settings > Accessibility > Touch and swipe down on the bottom edge of the screen.6. Text Replacement ShortcutsWhat it does: Save time by creating shortcuts for frequently used phrases.How to set up:On iPhone: Go to Settings > General > Keyboard > Text Replacement.On Android: Find similar options under Settings > Languages & Input > Personal Dictionary.7. Hidden Battery Health InformationWhat it does: Check your battery’s performance to determine if it needs servicing.How to check:On iPhone: Go to Settings > Battery > Battery Health.On Android: Use the Dialer Code ☎︎#☎︎#4636#☎︎#☎︎** (varies by manufacturer).8. Emergency SOS ShortcutWhat it does: Quickly contact emergency services by pressing a button combination.How to activate:On iPhone: Press the side button five times or hold the side and volume buttons.On Android: Set up SOS under Settings > Safety & Emergency.9. Augmented Reality (AR) MeasurementsWhat it does: Measure objects and spaces in real-time using your phone’s AR capabilities.How to use:On iPhone: Open the Measure app.On Android: Download Google’s Measure app if it’s not pre-installed.10. Live CaptioningWhat it does: Automatically generate captions for videos, podcasts, and even calls in real-time.How to enable:On Android: Go to Settings > Accessibility > Live Caption.On iPhone: Use Live Captions (Beta) under Settings > Accessibility.Final ThoughtsYour smartphone is a powerhouse of features waiting to be discovered. By leveraging these hidden gems, you can unlock new levels of convenience and productivity. Explore these features today, and you might find your device more indispensable than ever!
In today’s fast-paced digital world, apps can transform how we manage our time, stay healthy, and even learn new skills. With thousands of apps to choose from, it can be overwhelming to find the right ones that genuinely make a difference in our lives. Here’s a curated list of the top 5 free apps in 2025 that can simplify your day, enhance productivity, and add a touch of convenience to your daily routine. Let’s dive in!1. Notion – The Ultimate Productivity ToolWhy it’s life-changing: Notion is an all-in-one workspace where you can write, plan, collaborate, and organize. Whether you’re a student managing assignments, a professional planning projects, or someone who loves journaling, Notion is perfect for you.Key Features:Customizable templates for notes, task lists, calendars, and databases.Collaboration tools for sharing projects with others.Integration with apps like Google Drive, Slack, and Trello.How to get started: Download the app on your device, sign up for a free account, and explore the pre-designed templates to suit your needs. Start small by creating a simple to-do list or a daily planner.2. Duolingo – Your Personal Language CoachWhy it’s life-changing: Learning a new language has never been easier or more fun. Duolingo turns language learning into a game with bite-sized lessons and rewards for daily practice. Perfect for beginners or anyone looking to brush up on their skills.Key Features:Over 40 languages to choose from, including Spanish, French, and Japanese.Gamified learning with levels, streaks, and achievements.Speech recognition to improve your pronunciation.How to get started: Choose the language you’ve always wanted to learn, set a daily goal, and commit just 10 minutes a day. The app’s AI will personalize lessons based on your progress.3. MyFitnessPal – Your Health CompanionWhy it’s life-changing: Staying healthy doesn’t have to be complicated. MyFitnessPal helps you track your food intake, exercise, and overall wellness. It’s like having a personal nutritionist and fitness coach in your pocket.Key Features:Extensive database of foods to track calories and nutrients.Integration with fitness apps and devices like Fitbit.Customizable goals for weight loss, muscle gain, or maintenance.How to get started: Enter your fitness goals, start logging your meals and exercises, and let the app guide you towards healthier habits. The built-in barcode scanner makes food tracking effortless.4. Pocket – Your Knowledge VaultWhy it’s life-changing: Pocket lets you save articles, videos, and other content for later reading. It’s perfect for anyone who loves to learn but doesn’t have time to consume everything immediately.Key Features:Offline access to saved content.Personalized recommendations based on your interests.A distraction-free reading experience.How to get started: Install the browser extension or app, and save anything you find interesting with a single click. Use your commute or downtime to catch up on your saved content.5. Calm – Your Gateway to RelaxationWhy it’s life-changing: In a world full of stress and noise, Calm helps you find your peace. From guided meditations to sleep stories, this app is a haven for mental well-being.Key Features:Meditation sessions for beginners and experts.Sleep stories narrated by soothing voices.Breathing exercises to reduce anxiety.How to get started: Explore the free library of meditations and choose one that resonates with you. Dedicate a few minutes each day to mindfulness and relaxation.Final ThoughtsThese apps are more than just tools; they’re stepping stones to a better and more organized life. The best part? They’re completely free to use. Whether you’re looking to improve productivity, learn something new, or simply relax, these apps have got you covered. Start exploring them today and see how they can transform your daily routine!
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming industries, enhancing productivity, and making our lives easier. From automating repetitive tasks to generating creative ideas, AI tools are no longer reserved for tech experts. Whether you’re a student, entrepreneur, or professional, there’s an AI tool for everyone. Here’s a detailed guide to the best AI tools you should start using today, complete with examples and logos.1. GrammarlyPurpose: Writing AssistanceGrammarly is a must-have tool for anyone who writes emails, reports, or content. It checks for grammar, punctuation, and style errors while providing suggestions to improve clarity and engagement. It’s particularly helpful for professionals, students, and writers aiming to elevate the quality of their communication.Features:Grammar and spell check.Tone and clarity adjustments.Plagiarism detection for premium users.Example: Imagine drafting a professional email. Grammarly ensures it’s error-free and polished, suggesting improvements like “replace ‘big’ with ‘significant’ for better impact.” Additionally, it provides real-time corrections and explanations to help users learn and avoid repeating mistakes.2. CanvaPurpose: Graphic DesignCanva’s AI-powered features make it easy to create stunning visuals without needing design expertise. From presentations to social media posts, this tool simplifies the design process and empowers users to craft professional-quality graphics effortlessly.Features:AI-generated templates for various purposes.Magic Resize to adapt designs to different platforms.Background remover for professional-grade images.Example: Use Canva’s text-to-image feature to generate unique artwork for your blog or create an infographic from scratch using pre-made templates. For marketers, Canva’s collaboration features allow teams to work on designs simultaneously, ensuring consistency and efficiency.3. ChatGPTPurpose: Conversational AIDeveloped by OpenAI, ChatGPT is your go-to tool for answering questions, drafting documents, and brainstorming ideas. It’s like having a personal assistant with vast knowledge, offering intuitive and context-aware conversations.Features:Generate content like emails, blogs, or reports.Code debugging and writing support.Customized conversations for learning or entertainment.Example: If you’re preparing a report, ask ChatGPT for a draft or detailed research summary to save hours of effort. Its adaptability makes it useful for creating business proposals, summarizing long texts, or even generating creative storylines.4. Jasper AIPurpose: AI CopywritingJasper AI specializes in creating engaging copy for ads, websites, and social media. It’s particularly useful for marketers and content creators looking to enhance their messaging and connect better with their audience.Features:AI-generated headlines and ad copies.Long-form content assistance.Tone customization to match brand voice.Example: Need a catchy slogan for your campaign? Jasper AI generates multiple options like “Transforming Dreams into Reality.” For businesses, Jasper can create tailored product descriptions or ad copy that resonates with target demographics.5. DALL·EPurpose: AI Art and Image GenerationDALL·E, another gem from OpenAI, allows you to create unique images from text descriptions. It’s perfect for artists, designers, and content creators who want to visualize abstract ideas or produce one-of-a-kind visuals.Features:Generate visuals based on text input.High-resolution outputs for professional use.Edit existing images with AI.Example: Describe a scene like “a futuristic city under a starry sky,” and DALL·E will create it within seconds. Businesses can use DALL·E to generate concept art, marketing visuals, or even product prototypes.6. Notion AIPurpose: Productivity and OrganizationNotion AI enhances your productivity by automating tasks like note summarization, project management, and task prioritization. Its integration capabilities make it a central hub for both individual and team workflows.Features:AI-generated summaries for long notes.Automated task suggestions.Integrated database management.Example: Use Notion AI to summarize meeting notes or generate action items from project briefs. Teams can streamline their project planning by combining Notion’s AI capabilities with its robust database tools, ensuring clarity and alignment.7. Lumen5Purpose: Video CreationLumen5 is a game-changer for video creators, turning blog posts or scripts into professional videos in minutes. It’s designed for marketers, educators, and influencers who want to create engaging video content quickly.Features:AI-driven video storyboard creation.Extensive library of templates and media.Text-to-video conversion.Example: Convert your latest blog post into a shareable video with animations and voiceovers using Lumen5. Its drag-and-drop interface ensures even beginners can create compelling videos without prior experience.8. ZapierPurpose: Workflow AutomationZapier connects apps and automates workflows, reducing manual effort and improving efficiency. It’s an indispensable tool for anyone juggling multiple apps and tasks.Features:Automate repetitive tasks like data entry.Seamless app integrations.Pre-built workflows (Zaps).Example: Set up a Zap to automatically save email attachments to Google Drive and notify you on Slack. Businesses can also use Zapier to streamline lead generation by syncing form submissions with their CRM tools.Final ThoughtsAI tools are no longer futuristic concepts—they’re here to help you work smarter, not harder. These tools cater to various needs, from creativity and productivity to automation and design. Start exploring these AI-powered solutions today, and watch your efficiency and creativity soar!
Building a website might seem like a daunting task, especially if you have no experience with coding. But thanks to modern website builders, you can create a stunning, fully functional website in just 10 minutes. Whether you want a personal blog, an online portfolio, or a small business site, this guide will walk you through the process step by step—no technical skills required!Step 1: Choose a Website BuilderWebsite builders are platforms that make it easy to design, customize, and publish websites without needing to write a single line of code. Here are some popular options:Wix: Best for beginners with drag-and-drop functionality.Squarespace: Great for sleek, professional designs.WordPress.com: Excellent for bloggers and content-heavy sites.Shopify: Ideal for e-commerce websites.Tip: Choose a builder that aligns with your website’s purpose. For this tutorial, we’ll use Wix for its user-friendly interface and variety of templates.Step 2: Sign Up and Pick a TemplateSign Up: Go to the website builder’s homepage and create a free account. Enter your email and a password to get started.Pick a Template: After signing up, you’ll be prompted to choose a template. Templates are pre-designed layouts that act as a foundation for your website.Browse categories like “Portfolio,” “Blog,” or “Business.”Select a design that suits your style and purpose.Example: If you’re starting a photography portfolio, look for a template with a clean design and image galleries.Step 3: Customize Your WebsiteNow comes the fun part—customizing your site to make it uniquely yours.Edit Text: Click on any text box to replace the default text with your own. Add your name, business info, or a catchy tagline.Add Images: Upload your own photos or choose from the builder’s stock image library. Drag and drop images into place.Change Colors and Fonts: Most builders allow you to customize colors and fonts to match your branding.Add Pages: Need more than a homepage? Add additional pages like “About,” “Services,” or “Contact” with just a click.Tip: Keep your design clean and straightforward. Too many elements can make your site look cluttered.Step 4: Add Essential FeaturesMake your website functional by integrating essential features:Contact Form: Allow visitors to reach you easily. Drag and drop a contact form onto your page and customize the fields.Social Media Links: Add clickable icons that link to your social profiles.SEO Settings: Optimize your site for search engines by adding keywords to your page titles and descriptions.Mobile Optimization: Check how your site looks on mobile devices and make adjustments if needed.Example: Add a “Subscribe” button to collect email addresses for your newsletter.Step 5: Preview and PublishPreview Your Site: Before publishing, use the preview option to see how your site will appear to visitors. Look for any typos, broken links, or design issues.Publish: Once you’re satisfied, hit the “Publish” button. Your site is now live and accessible to the world!Get a Custom Domain: While most website builders offer free domains (e.g., yoursite.wixsite.com), upgrading to a custom domain (e.g., yoursite.com) gives your site a professional touch.Tip: Promote your site by sharing the link on social media or through email.Step 6: Keep ImprovingBuilding your website is just the beginning. To keep it fresh and engaging:Regularly update your content.Add new pages or blog posts.Analyze visitor data using tools like Google Analytics.Upgrade to premium plans for advanced features like e-commerce or ad-free hosting.Final ThoughtsCreating a website has never been easier. With a little time and creativity, you can have your own corner of the internet up and running in just 10 minutes. Whether it’s for personal or professional use, your website is a reflection of you—so make it count!
Cryptocurrency has become a buzzword in finance and technology, but understanding it can feel daunting. If you’re new to the world of digital currencies, this guide will help you navigate the basics, with a focus on Bitcoin and Ethereum—the two most popular cryptocurrencies.What is Cryptocurrency?Cryptocurrency is a form of digital or virtual currency secured by cryptography. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (like USD or INR), cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks using blockchain technology. This ensures transparency, security, and eliminates the need for intermediaries like banks.Bitcoin: The PioneerBitcoin, created in 2009 by an anonymous figure known as Satoshi Nakamoto, was the first cryptocurrency. Often called digital gold, Bitcoin introduced the concept of decentralized money.Key Features of Bitcoin:Decentralization: No central authority controls Bitcoin. Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded on a public ledger (blockchain).Limited Supply: There will only ever be 21 million bitcoins, creating a scarcity that contributes to its value.Use Cases: Bitcoin can be used for peer-to-peer transactions, investments, and as a store of value.Example: If you wanted to send money to a friend in another country, Bitcoin allows you to do so directly, bypassing bank fees and delays.Ethereum: Beyond CurrencyLaunched in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin and others, Ethereum is more than just a cryptocurrency; it’s a platform for building decentralized applications (dApps).Key Features of Ethereum:Smart Contracts: Ethereum enables programmable contracts that execute automatically when conditions are met. For example, a smart contract could release payment only after a service is delivered.Ether (ETH): Ether is Ethereum’s native cryptocurrency, used to pay transaction fees and power the network.Decentralized Applications (dApps): Developers can build applications on Ethereum’s blockchain for finance, gaming, and more.Example: A decentralized crowdfunding platform can be built on Ethereum, where funds are only released if the funding goal is reached.How Does Blockchain Work?Blockchain is the backbone of cryptocurrencies. It’s a distributed ledger that records transactions across multiple computers. Here’s how it works:Transaction Initiation: A user initiates a transaction.Verification: Network nodes (miners or validators) verify the transaction’s validity.Block Creation: Once verified, the transaction is added to a block.Blockchain Update: The block is added to the blockchain, making the transaction immutable.Example: If Alice sends 0.5 BTC to Bob, the transaction is recorded on the Bitcoin blockchain, visible to all network participants.Differences Between Bitcoin and EthereumFeatureBitcoinEthereumPurposeDigital currency and store of valueSmart contracts and dAppsSupply Limit21 millionNo fixed limitTransaction Speed~10 minutes per block~15 seconds per blockConsensus MechanismProof of Work (PoW)Transitioning to Proof of Stake (PoS)Future Valuation of Bitcoin and EthereumFinancial experts and top firms have shared their predictions for the future value of Bitcoin and Ethereum based on market trends, adoption rates, and technological advancements:Bitcoin:ARK Invest predicts that Bitcoin could reach $1 million per BTC by 2030, driven by increasing institutional adoption and its role as a hedge against inflation.JP Morgan estimates a potential valuation of $150,000 in the medium term, citing its store-of-value properties comparable to gold.Bloomberg Intelligence suggests that Bitcoin’s scarcity and growing utility might push its price to $250,000 by the late 2020s.Ethereum:Goldman Sachs anticipates that Ethereum could surpass $8,000 per ETH in the near term, as it powers a majority of decentralized applications and smart contracts.CoinShares predicts Ethereum’s long-term valuation could reach $20,000, fueled by the growth of decentralized finance (DeFi) and NFTs.Finder’s panel of fintech experts suggests an average price target of $15,000 per ETH by 2030, assuming continued network upgrades and mass adoption.Caution: While these predictions are optimistic, cryptocurrency valuations are highly volatile and speculative. It’s crucial to do your own research before investing.How to Get Started with Bitcoin and EthereumChoose a Wallet:Hot Wallets: Online wallets like Coinbase, Binance, or MetaMask.Cold Wallets: Hardware wallets like Ledger or Trezor for enhanced security.Buy Cryptocurrency:Use platforms like Binance, Coinbase, or WazirX to purchase BTC or ETH using fiat currency.Peer-to-peer platforms also allow direct purchases.Understand Risks:Cryptocurrency is volatile. Prices can fluctuate dramatically.Always invest what you can afford to lose.Explore Use Cases:Use Bitcoin for transactions or as an investment.Explore Ethereum’s dApps or stake ETH to earn rewards.Use Cases of Bitcoin and EthereumBitcoin:Cross-border payments.Inflation hedge.Digital asset investment.Ethereum:Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Borrowing, lending, and earning interest without intermediaries.Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Digital ownership of art, music, or collectibles.Gaming: Play-to-earn games powered by Ethereum.Common Terms to KnowMining: The process of verifying transactions and adding them to the blockchain.Wallet: A digital tool to store, send, and receive cryptocurrency.Public Key: Your wallet’s address, used to receive funds.Private Key: A secure code giving access to your wallet. Never share it.Gas Fee: The cost of processing transactions on Ethereum’s network.Final ThoughtsBitcoin and Ethereum represent the forefront of the cryptocurrency revolution. While Bitcoin is a trailblazer in digital currency, Ethereum opens up possibilities far beyond money. As a beginner, take the time to learn, explore, and start small. The world of cryptocurrency is vast, but with the right knowledge, it’s an exciting journey worth embarking on!
As technology evolves, finding affordable yet high-quality gadgets has become easier than ever. Whether you’re looking to upgrade your tech arsenal or find the perfect gift, 2025 offers a variety of budget-friendly options that deliver exceptional performance. Here’s a detailed list of the best budget tech gadgets you can buy in 2025, complete with affiliate links to grab them at the best prices.1. Wireless Earbuds: Soundpeats Air3 DeluxePrice: INR 13,095Affiliate Link: Buy Soundpeats Air3 DeluxeIf you’re looking for high-quality audio on a budget, the Soundpeats Air3 Deluxe is a standout choice. These wireless earbuds offer premium sound and advanced features usually found in higher-priced models.Key Features:Qualcomm aptX-Adaptive codec for superior sound quality.Low-latency mode for gamers.20-hour battery life with the charging case.Why Buy: Ideal for music lovers and gamers, the Soundpeats Air3 Deluxe offers rich audio performance and stable connectivity at an unbeatable price.2. Smartwatch: Amazfit Bip 5Price: INR 7,499Affiliate Link: Buy Amazfit Bip 5The Amazfit Bip 5 combines functionality and affordability, making it an excellent choice for those who want to track their health and fitness without breaking the bank.Key Features:1.91-inch HD display.120+ sports modes and GPS tracking.10-day battery life on a single charge.Integration with Alexa voice assistant.Why Buy: With its comprehensive health-tracking features and stylish design, the Amazfit Bip 5 is perfect for fitness enthusiasts and tech-savvy individuals.3. Streaming Device: Roku Express 4K+Price: INR 5,575Affiliate Link: Buy Roku Express 4K+The Roku Express 4K+ transforms any TV into a smart TV, offering seamless streaming of your favorite content in stunning 4K resolution.Key Features:Supports 4K HDR and Dolby Vision.Simple remote with voice control.Access to over 500,000 movies and TV episodes.Why Buy: It’s an affordable way to enhance your home entertainment system with access to all major streaming platforms like Netflix, Disney+, and Amazon Prime.4. Portable Charger: Anker PowerCore Slim 10,000 PDPrice: INR 3,299Affiliate Link: Buy Anker PowerCore Slim 10,000 PDStay powered on the go with the Anker PowerCore Slim, a compact and fast-charging portable battery pack.Key Features:10,000mAh capacity, enough to charge most smartphones twice.USB-C Power Delivery for rapid charging.Slim and lightweight design.Why Buy: Perfect for frequent travelers and busy professionals, this portable charger ensures you’re never out of power.5. Bluetooth Speaker: JBL Go 4Price: INR 3,419Affiliate Link: Buy JBL Go 4The JBL Go 4 delivers impressive sound quality in a pocket-sized design, making it a top choice for music on the go.Key Features:IP67 waterproof and dustproof rating.5 hours of playtime on a single charge.Compact design with vibrant color options.Why Buy: Whether you’re at the beach or hosting a party, the JBL Go 4 provides excellent sound performance at an affordable price.6. Webcam: Logitech C270 HDPrice: INR 2,675Affiliate Link: Buy Logitech C270 HDIn the era of remote work and virtual meetings, the Logitech C270 HD is a budget-friendly solution for clear video calls.Key Features:720p HD video quality.Built-in noise-reducing microphone.Easy plug-and-play setup.Why Buy: It’s an affordable way to enhance your video conferencing experience without compromising on quality.7. Budget Laptop: Acer Chromebook 314Price: INR 20,990Affiliate Link: Buy Acer Chromebook 314The Acer Chromebook 314 is a reliable and affordable laptop for students and professionals seeking productivity on a budget.Key Features:14-inch Full HD display.10-hour battery life.Lightweight and portable design.Access to Google Workspace and Android apps.Why Buy: Ideal for everyday tasks like browsing, streaming, and document editing, this Chromebook is a cost-effective option for productivity.8. Smart Home Device: Amazon Echo Dot (5th Gen)Price: INR 5,499Affiliate Link: Buy Amazon Echo Dot (5th Gen)The 5th generation Amazon Echo Dot combines smart home control with excellent audio performance, all at an affordable price.Key Features:Improved sound quality with clearer vocals.Voice control for smart home devices.Integration with Alexa for news, weather, and more.Why Buy: It’s an inexpensive way to upgrade your home with hands-free smart features and music playback.9. Action Camera: Akaso Brave 8Price: INR 11,999Affiliate Link: Buy Akaso Brave 8For adventure seekers, the Akaso Brave 8 offers impressive video capabilities at a fraction of the cost of premium action cameras.Key Features:4K Ultra HD video at 60fps.8K time-lapse mode.Waterproof up to 33 feet without a case.Why Buy: Capture your adventures in stunning detail without spending a fortune.10. Mechanical Keyboard: Redragon K552 KumaraPrice: INR 2,999Affiliate Link: Buy Redragon K552 KumaraFor gamers and typists, the Redragon K552 Kumara is a high-performance mechanical keyboard at an affordable price.Key Features:Tactile feedback with Outemu blue switches.RGB backlighting with customizable effects.Durable, compact design.Why Buy: It’s a budget-friendly way to enhance your gaming setup or typing experience.Final ThoughtsBudget tech gadgets in 2025 prove that you don’t need to spend a fortune to enjoy cutting-edge technology. Whether you’re upgrading your audio, enhancing your productivity, or exploring new hobbies, these gadgets deliver excellent value for their price. Use the affiliate links provided to grab these gadgets at the best deals, and elevate your tech experience without breaking the bank!
Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) has become integral to automation testing in .NET projects, and SpecFlow has long been a go-to framework for writing Gherkin scenarios in C#. However, SpecFlow’s development has slowed in recent years, and it has lagged in support for the latest .NET versions. Enter Reqnroll, a modern BDD framework that picks up where
The post SpecFlow to Reqnroll: A Step-by-Step Migration Guide appeared first on Codoid.
Automation testing has long been a cornerstone of efficient software development and quality assurance processes. Selenium, as a widely adopted automation testing tool, has empowered testers to perform web application testing effectively. However, with the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), Selenium testing is undergoing a paradigm shift, enabling smarter, faster, and more accurate test automation.
This blog explores how AI and ML are transforming Selenium testing, their benefits, use cases, and the future of automation testing.
Understanding AI and Machine Learning in Testing
Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling them to perform tasks like reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.
Machine Learning (ML): A subset of AI that allows systems to learn and improve from experience without explicit programming.
When applied to Selenium testing, AI and ML enable automated test scripts to adapt to changes, predict outcomes, and enhance decision-making processes.
Challenges in Traditional Selenium Testing
While Selenium is a powerful tool, traditional testing methods face several challenges:
Dynamic Web Elements: Modern web applications frequently use dynamic elements, making locators brittle and prone to failure.
High Maintenance: Frequent application updates require constant updates to test scripts.
Limited Test Coverage: Manually writing scripts for edge cases is time-intensive and error-prone.
Debugging Complex Scenarios: Debugging errors in lengthy test scripts can be tedious.
Data Handling: Handling large volumes of test data efficiently is often challenging.
AI and ML are designed to address these issues, making automation more intelligent and adaptive.
How AI and ML Enhance Selenium Testing
1. Self-Healing Tests
AI-powered frameworks can detect changes in the application’s UI and automatically update locators, reducing test failures caused by dynamic elements.
Example: AI identifies changes in button attributes (e.g., id, class) and adapts the XPath or CSS selectors dynamically.
Code Example:from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
def self_healing_test(driver, locator_type, locator_value):
try:
element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((locator_type, locator_value))
)
return element
except Exception as e:
print(“Locator needs adjustment”, e)
# AI adjustment logic can be implemented here
2. Predictive Analytics
ML algorithms analyze historical test data to predict potential failures or high-risk areas in the application.
Example: Identifying modules with higher bug recurrence rates for targeted testing.
3. Smart Test Case Prioritization
AI algorithms prioritize test cases based on factors like code changes, user behavior, and defect history.
Benefit: Focus on high-risk areas first, optimizing testing efforts.
Code Example:from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
import pandas as pd
# Sample dataset with test case details
data = pd.DataFrame({
‘test_case_id’: [1, 2, 3, 4],
‘recent_failures’: [3, 0, 1, 2],
‘execution_time’: [5, 2, 3, 4],
‘priority_score’: [0, 0, 0, 0]
})
# ML model to predict priority
model = RandomForestClassifier()
data[‘priority_score’] = model.predict(data[[‘recent_failures’, ‘execution_time’]])
data = data.sort_values(by=’priority_score’, ascending=False)
print(data)
4. Enhanced Test Coverage
AI generates additional test cases by analyzing user behavior, covering edge cases that may not have been considered.
5. Visual Regression Testing
AI compares screenshots of application versions to identify visual discrepancies, ensuring UI consistency.
Code Example:from PIL import ImageChops, Image
def compare_images(image1_path, image2_path):
img1 = Image.open(image1_path)
img2 = Image.open(image2_path)
diff = ImageChops.difference(img1, img2)
if diff.getbbox():
diff.show()
else:
print(“Images are identical”)
6. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
NLP-powered tools enable writing test cases in plain English, bridging the gap between technical and non-technical stakeholders.
Popular AI-Powered Tools for Selenium Testing
Testim
Features self-healing capabilities and AI-driven insights.
Simplifies test creation with a visual interface.
Applitools
Specializes in visual testing and visual AI.
Provides automated layout checks for responsive design.
Mabl
Combines Selenium with ML to create adaptive and reliable tests.
Focuses on continuous testing.
Functionize
AI-based automation testing tool with NLP capabilities.
Creates codeless tests from natural language instructions.
Sauce Labs
Offers AI-enhanced analytics for test performance and issue identification.
Use Cases of AI and ML in Selenium Testing
1. E-Commerce Testing
Automating cart workflows, payment gateways, and personalized recommendations.
Visual regression testing for product display consistency.
2. Healthcare Applications
Validating dynamic forms and user flows.
Ensuring compliance with regulatory standards like HIPAA.
3. Banking and Financial Systems
Testing multi-factor authentication workflows.
Predictive analytics for risk-based testing.
4. Social Media Platforms
Ensuring seamless user interaction across various browsers and devices.
Testing dynamic and personalized content feeds.
5. IoT and Smart Devices
Validating web interfaces controlling IoT devices.
Testing integrations with voice assistants using NLP.
Benefits of AI and ML in Selenium Testing
Reduced Maintenance Effort: Self-healing capabilities minimize the need for manual intervention in script updates.
Faster Test Execution: Intelligent prioritization and optimization save time.
Enhanced Accuracy: AI-driven locators and insights reduce false positives and negatives.
Broader Test Coverage: Generates edge cases and automates complex workflows.
Improved ROI: Faster releases with fewer bugs increase the return on investment in testing.
Future of AI and ML in Selenium Testing
The integration of AI and ML in Selenium is still evolving, but the possibilities are immense:
Fully Autonomous Testing: Test scripts that generate, execute, and adapt without human intervention.
Real-Time Learning: Systems that learn from live user data to improve test cases continuously.
Cross-Domain Applications: Expanded use cases in AR/VR, blockchain, and IoT testing.
Codeless Automation: More robust and intuitive tools for non-technical testers.
AI-Driven Reporting: Detailed insights into application health and testing efficiency.
Conclusion
AI and ML are revolutionizing Selenium testing, making it smarter, faster, and more reliable. By integrating AI-powered tools and frameworks, organizations can overcome traditional testing challenges, achieve higher accuracy, and accelerate software delivery cycles. As the technology evolves, the future of Selenium testing looks brighter than ever, with AI and ML leading the way.
Ready to embrace AI in your Selenium testing? Start exploring these innovations and transform your automation strategy today!
Keywords: Selenium, AI in testing, machine learning in Selenium, self-healing tests, automation testing, AI-powered tools for Selenium, intelligent test automation.
Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) is a methodology that bridges the gap between business and technical teams by emphasizing collaboration. It uses plain language to define application behavior, making it easier for non-technical stakeholders to contribute to the development process. Selenium and Cucumber are widely used together in BDD to automate web application testing.
This blog provides a detailed guide to implementing BDD using Selenium and Cucumber, including coding examples to help you get started.
What is BDD?
BDD focuses on the behavior of an application from the end user’s perspective. It uses scenarios written in Gherkin, a domain-specific language with a simple syntax:
Given: Precondition or context.
When: Action or event.
Then: Outcome or result.
Example:Feature: Login Functionality
Scenario: Valid user logs in successfully
Given the user is on the login page
When the user enters valid credentials
Then the user is redirected to the dashboard
Tools Used
Selenium: Automates web browsers to test web applications.
Cucumber: Enables writing tests in plain English (Gherkin syntax).
Java: Programming language for writing test automation scripts.
JUnit/TestNG: Test framework to execute Cucumber tests.
Setting Up Your Project
Create a Maven Project:
Add dependencies in pom.xml:<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId>
<version>7.11.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-junit</artifactId>
<version>7.11.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.10.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Directory Structure:
src/test/java: For step definitions.
src/test/resources: For feature files.
Writing a Feature File
Save this file as login.feature in src/test/resources/features:Feature: Login Functionality
Scenario: Valid user logs in successfully
Given the user is on the login page
When the user enters valid credentials
Then the user is redirected to the dashboard
Scenario: Invalid user cannot log in
Given the user is on the login page
When the user enters invalid credentials
Then an error message is displayed
Creating Step Definitions
Create a Java file LoginSteps.java in src/test/java/stepdefinitions:package stepdefinitions;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import io.cucumber.java.en.*;
public class LoginSteps {
WebDriver driver;
@Given(“the user is on the login page”)
public void userIsOnLoginPage() {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.chrome.driver”, “path_to_chromedriver”);
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get(“https://example.com/login”);
}
@When(“the user enters valid credentials”)
public void userEntersValidCredentials() {
WebElement username = driver.findElement(By.id(“username”));
WebElement password = driver.findElement(By.id(“password”));
WebElement loginButton = driver.findElement(By.id(“login”));
username.sendKeys(“validUser”);
password.sendKeys(“validPassword”);
loginButton.click();
}
@Then(“the user is redirected to the dashboard”)
public void userIsRedirectedToDashboard() {
String expectedUrl = “https://example.com/dashboard”;
assert driver.getCurrentUrl().equals(expectedUrl);
driver.quit();
}
@When(“the user enters invalid credentials”)
public void userEntersInvalidCredentials() {
WebElement username = driver.findElement(By.id(“username”));
WebElement password = driver.findElement(By.id(“password”));
WebElement loginButton = driver.findElement(By.id(“login”));
username.sendKeys(“invalidUser”);
password.sendKeys(“invalidPassword”);
loginButton.click();
}
@Then(“an error message is displayed”)
public void errorMessageIsDisplayed() {
WebElement error = driver.findElement(By.id(“error”));
assert error.isDisplayed();
driver.quit();
}
}
Configuring the Runner Class
Create a Java file TestRunner.java in src/test/java/runners:package runners;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import io.cucumber.junit.Cucumber;
import io.cucumber.junit.CucumberOptions;
@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(
features = “src/test/resources/features”,
glue = “stepdefinitions”,
plugin = {“pretty”, “html:target/cucumber-reports”},
monochrome = true
)
public class TestRunner {
}
Running Your Tests
Open a terminal.
Navigate to your project directory.
Run the following command:mvn test
This will execute all scenarios defined in the login.feature file.
Best Practices for BDD with Selenium and Cucumber
Keep Scenarios Simple: Use concise and descriptive steps in Gherkin.
Reuse Step Definitions: Avoid duplicating code by reusing steps where possible.
Parameterize Steps: Handle multiple inputs by parameterizing your Gherkin steps.
Organize Files: Maintain a clear structure for features, steps, and configurations.
Continuous Integration: Integrate Cucumber tests with CI/CD pipelines for automated execution.
Conclusion
BDD with Selenium and Cucumber is a powerful combination for creating readable, maintainable, and effective test automation suites. By leveraging this approach, teams can foster collaboration, improve test coverage, and ensure high-quality software delivery. Start implementing BDD in your projects today and experience its benefits firsthand!
Keywords: BDD, Selenium, Cucumber, Automation Testing, Behavior-Driven Development, Gherkin, Step Definitions, Test Automation Framework.
If software projects still followed a “code everything first, test at the end” model, modern teams would be drowning in last-minute bugs, missed launch dates, and emergency hot-fixes. Customers have little patience for broken features, and competitors ship improvements weekly sometimes daily. To keep pace, engineering leaders have embraced Shift Left Testing: moving software testing
The post Shift Left Testing Principles: Catch Bugs Early, Deliver Faster appeared first on Codoid.
Data-driven testing is a robust testing methodology that focuses on testing the functionality of an application using multiple sets of data. Instead of hardcoding input values and expected results, this approach separates test logic from the test data, enhancing reusability and maintainability. Selenium, being a popular automation tool, supports data-driven testing seamlessly when integrated with testing frameworks like TestNG or JUnit.
In this blog, we’ll delve into the concept of data-driven testing, explore its benefits, and demonstrate how to implement it using Selenium with detailed coding examples.
What is Data-Driven Testing?
Data-driven testing involves executing test scripts multiple times with different sets of input data. The test data is typically stored in external sources such as:
Excel files
CSV files
Databases
JSON or XML files
This approach is particularly useful for validating applications where the same functionality needs to be tested with various input combinations.
Benefits of Data-Driven Testing
Reusability: Test scripts are reusable for different data sets.
Maintainability: Test logic is separated from test data, making maintenance easier.
Scalability: Allows extensive test coverage with diverse data.
Efficiency: Reduces redundancy in writing test scripts.
Tools Required
Selenium WebDriver: For browser automation.
Apache POI: To read/write data from Excel files.
TestNG/JUnit: For test execution and data provider functionality.
Setting Up Your Project
Add Dependencies
Include the following dependencies in your pom.xml if you’re using Maven:<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.10.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
<artifactId>poi</artifactId>
<version>5.2.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
<artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
<version>5.2.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.testng</groupId>
<artifactId>testng</artifactId>
<version>7.8.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Code Example: Data-Driven Testing Using Excel and TestNG
Step 1: Create the Test Data
Create an Excel file named TestData.xlsx with the following columns:
Username
Password
user1
pass1
user2
pass2
Save this file in the project directory.
Step 2: Utility Class to Read Excel Data
Create a utility class ExcelUtils.java:import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.*;
public class ExcelUtils {
private static Workbook workbook;
private static Sheet sheet;
public static void loadExcel(String filePath) throws IOException {
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(filePath);
workbook = WorkbookFactory.create(fis);
}
public static String getCellData(int row, int column) {
sheet = workbook.getSheetAt(0);
Row rowData = sheet.getRow(row);
Cell cell = rowData.getCell(column);
return cell.toString();
}
public static int getRowCount() {
return sheet.getLastRowNum();
}
}
Step 3: Test Class with Data Provider
Create a test class LoginTest.java:import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.testng.annotations.*;
public class LoginTest {
WebDriver driver;
@BeforeClass
public void setup() {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.chrome.driver”, “path_to_chromedriver”);
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get(“https://example.com/login”);
}
@DataProvider(name = “loginData”)
public Object[][] loginData() throws Exception {
ExcelUtils.loadExcel(“TestData.xlsx”);
int rowCount = ExcelUtils.getRowCount();
Object[][] data = new Object[rowCount][2];
for (int i = 1; i <= rowCount; i++) {
data[i – 1][0] = ExcelUtils.getCellData(i, 0);
data[i – 1][1] = ExcelUtils.getCellData(i, 1);
}
return data;
}
@Test(dataProvider = “loginData”)
public void testLogin(String username, String password) {
WebElement usernameField = driver.findElement(By.id(“username”));
WebElement passwordField = driver.findElement(By.id(“password”));
WebElement loginButton = driver.findElement(By.id(“login”));
usernameField.sendKeys(username);
passwordField.sendKeys(password);
loginButton.click();
// Add assertions here to verify login success or failure
}
@AfterClass
public void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
Best Practices for Data-Driven Testing
Use External Data: Store test data in external files to reduce script changes.
Parameterize Test Cases: Avoid hardcoding data in test scripts.
Error Handling: Implement robust error handling for file operations.
Optimize Performance: Load test data only once if possible.
Clear Test Data: Ensure the test environment is reset before each run.
Advantages of Data-Driven Testing with Selenium
Flexibility: Easily test multiple scenarios by changing input data.
Enhanced Coverage: Test edge cases by providing varied data sets.
Reduced Redundancy: Write fewer scripts for multiple test cases.
Conclusion
Data-driven testing is a vital strategy for efficient and thorough test automation. By combining Selenium with tools like Apache POI and TestNG, you can create scalable and maintainable test suites that cover a wide range of scenarios. Implement this approach to enhance your testing process and ensure high-quality software delivery.
Keywords: Data-Driven Testing, Selenium, TestNG, Apache POI, Automation Testing, Excel Integration, Test Automation Framework.
API testing has become an integral part of software quality assurance. Automating REST APIs ensures the robustness and reliability of web applications by validating backend functionality. In this blog, we will explore how Selenium and Postman can be used to automate REST APIs, providing both flexibility and scalability in your testing processes.
Why Automate REST APIs?
Automating REST APIs brings several benefits, including:
Speed: Automated tests execute faster compared to manual testing.
Accuracy: Minimizes human error in repetitive tasks.
Efficiency: Allows simultaneous testing of multiple endpoints.
Integration: Fits seamlessly into CI/CD pipelines.
Key Concepts in REST API Automation
Before diving into automation, let’s understand some key concepts:
API Endpoint: A URL that specifies where an API resource is located.
HTTP Methods: Common methods include GET, POST, PUT, DELETE.
Status Codes: Responses like 200 (OK), 404 (Not Found), 500 (Server Error).
Request Payload: The data sent with a request, often in JSON format.
Response: Data received from the server, including status and body.
Tools Overview: Selenium and Postman
Selenium: Best suited for UI testing but can complement API testing by validating front-end integration with APIs.
Postman: A powerful API testing tool that supports request creation, test scripting, and automation through Newman CLI.
Practical Applications of API Testing
Authentication: Validating login and token-based authentication mechanisms.
Data Integrity: Ensuring the correctness of data returned by APIs.
Error Handling: Checking proper error messages and status codes.
Load Testing: Simulating multiple users accessing APIs simultaneously.
Setting Up Selenium and Postman for API Automation
1. Installing Selenium
Ensure you have Java and Maven installed. Add Selenium dependencies to your pom.xml:<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.10.0</version>
</dependency>2. Installing Postman
Download Postman from Postman’s official website. For automation, install Newman:
npm install -g newman
Coding Examples: Automating REST APIs with Selenium and Postman
Example 1: Sending API Requests Using Java (RestAssured Library)import io.restassured.RestAssured;
import io.restassured.response.Response;
public class ApiTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
RestAssured.baseURI = “https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com”;
// GET Request
Response response = RestAssured.given().get(“/posts/1”);
System.out.println(“Status Code: ” + response.getStatusCode());
System.out.println(“Response Body: ” + response.getBody().asString());
// Assert Status Code
assert response.getStatusCode() == 200;
}
}
Example 2: Running Postman Collections via Newman
Export your Postman collection as a JSON file.
Use Newman CLI to execute the collection:newman run my-collection.json
Example 3: Integrating Selenium with API Responses
This example demonstrates how to combine API testing with UI testing by validating that the data returned from an API call is correctly displayed on a web application’s UI. Here’s a breakdown of the code:import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import io.restassured.RestAssured;
public class SeleniumApiIntegration {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// API Call
RestAssured.baseURI = “https://api.example.com”;
String apiData = RestAssured.given().get(“/data”).getBody().asString();
// Selenium Test
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get(“https://example.com”);
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(“apiDataField”));
assert element.getText().equals(apiData);
driver.quit();
}
}
1. API Call with RestAssured
The first step involves using RestAssured to interact with the API. A base URL is set, and a GET request is sent to a specific endpoint. The response body is retrieved as a string, which will later be compared with the data displayed on the web page.
2. Selenium Test
The Selenium WebDriver is initialized to open the browser and navigate to the target URL. This ensures that the web page containing the UI element to be validated is loaded and ready for interaction.
3. Finding the Web Element
A specific element on the web page is located using a unique identifier (like an ID attribute). This UI element is expected to display the same data that was fetched from the API.
4. Validating the Data
The text content of the located UI element is retrieved and compared with the API response. If the values match, the test passes, indicating consistency between the API and UI. If they don’t match, it signals a potential bug or data discrepancy.
5. Closing the Browser
Finally, the browser session is terminated to ensure no resources are left open after the test execution.
Use Case
This approach is used to verify the consistency of data between the backend (API response) and the frontend (UI). For example:
Validating that product details provided by an API, such as name or price, are displayed accurately on a webpage.
Benefits
End-to-End Testing: Ensures seamless integration between the backend and frontend.
Early Bug Detection: Detects mismatches between API and UI during testing phases.
Reusable: Can be extended to validate multiple API endpoints and corresponding UI elements.
Step-by-Step Guide to Automate API Testing
Understand API Requirements: Review API documentation to understand endpoints, methods, and payloads.
Create Test Cases: Identify scenarios such as response validation, status codes, and data formats.
Use Postman for Initial Testing: Verify API responses manually.
Automate with Java: Use RestAssured or HttpClient libraries for scripting.
Integrate with Selenium: Combine API data validation with UI testing.
Leverage CI/CD: Incorporate automated tests into Jenkins or GitHub Actions.
Conclusion
By integrating Selenium and Postman, you can create a comprehensive automation suite that tests APIs and ensures seamless integration between backend and frontend systems. API testing not only improves the reliability of web applications but also accelerates the development cycle, allowing teams to deliver high-quality products efficiently.
CTA: Have questions about API testing with Selenium and Postman? Share them in the comments below!
I know that stateless in REST means that the client and server are separate, but I thought that it should always be the case. What would be an example of an API that is not stateless. Can those also be tested by QA?
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The post Why Guidewire Programs Fail: The Missing Layer of Assurance Enterprises Must Know first appeared on TestingXperts.
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The post AI-Native Product Development: 5 Pillars That Matter first appeared on TestingXperts.
I never had to use Cucumber hooks in all my experience. I had to admit though, that I didn’t write the framework from scratch. At my last job, there framework was TestNG with Cucumber (that is why never had to use TEST annotation). Am I right, that if you have TestNG, you don’t need to use hooks, because you use TestNG Before/After annotation. In other words, you can’t use both. You can use ones or the others. And I think that using HOOKS defeats the purpose of having TestNG
In the Test Runner class I don’t fully understand this line ”’@RunWith(Cucumber.class)”’. If I am not mistaken, @RunWith is TestNG (and also JUnit) annotation. So, if you have Cucumber without those frameworks, how do you make your test cases run? Besides, what is in parenthesis defines a class Cucumber (that is what class keyword does), however that Class already exists. It is not a predefined class (like HashMap under utils). What is the purpose of creating a brand new class without any body?
In today’s fast-paced development world, AI agents for automation testing are no longer science fiction they’re transforming how teams ensure software quality. Imagine giving an intelligent “digital coworker” plain English instructions, and it automatically generates, executes, and even adapts test cases across your application. This blog explains what AI agents in testing are, how they
The post AI Agents for Automation Testing: Revolutionizing Software QA appeared first on Codoid.
The blog discusses how Agentic AI is upscaling software testing through autonomous agents that learn, adapt, and optimize the testing process. It also explores key trends, tools and why Tx is a preferred partner for businesses embracing this transformation.
The post Intelligent QA at Scale: How Agentic AI Delivers Faster & Safer Software Releases first appeared on TestingXperts.