Libraries & Frameworks

Using Selenium to try and locate + press a button inside of an Atlassian Jira environment.

The button class is not unique and the button doesn’t have a button ID. I assume the website is built in an incompatible way to interact with Selenium. All attempts end with no elements found. Has anyone got any suggestions?
I’m using PowerShell currently and have tired numerous search methods here’s the latest which I hoped would work but still nothing..
# Find the <span> element with the text “Update site”
$span_element = $driver.FindElementByXPath(“//span[text()=’Update site’]”)

# Navigate to its parent <button> element
$button_element = $span_element.FindElementByXPath(“./..”)

# Perform actions on the button
$button_element.Click()

Salesforce testing is essential for maintaining CRM efficiency and reliability across varied business conditions, such as system updates and high traffic. This practice ensures seamless performance, data security, and user satisfaction. The blog discusses how Salesforce testing not only upholds system integrity but also boosts operational efficiency and compliance, making Salesforce a vital tool for businesses aiming to enhance customer relationships and stay competitive. Learn about the types of Salesforce tests and the strategic benefits of rigorous Salesforce testing to understand why it’s a wise investment for any business using this CRM platform.
The post The Importance of Salesforce Testing for Business Success first appeared on TestingXperts.

A React component to apply a drop-in progressive (gradient) backdrop blur to your React applications. The post Progressive Blur Effect…

I am integrating QTP 11.0 autotests with HP ALM 12.20 so I could run them directly from ALM. So I’ve done everything according to Quality Center – QC-QTP Integration:

installed QuickTest_Add-in_for_ALM-QC
set up HP ALM connection to QC
saved the test in Quality Center Test Plan
added Test Resources (Shared Object Repositories, libraries)
added Test to the Test Lab and executed test

But the problem I’ve got when starting test from HP ALM’s test lab is:

BTW: there was a time when the test executed once, but then the problem came back again.

Also tried:

grant access to everyone to the user temp area (%USERPROFILE%AppDataLocalTemp)

Does anyone know what to do?

Extra questions / info to clear up things:

Can you open test files using QTP from ALM/QC Test Plan (as for me, after ‘Save as’ operation, I am trying to open the file and I’ve got the message “Test [test name] does not exist”)
In Test Plan on the tab Test Script of the autotest the message is shown “Can’t load test from C:Users\[user]AppDataLocalTempTD_80876732cc74Test110711071107”, but still when I close it there is a kind of test structure displayed in Keyword View. But when I open this path from QTP everything is fine!

Can anyone please suggust me to solve this issue?

WelDree is a UI to execute Cucumber Scenarios. How this tool development ideation was born? Once a Cucumber feature file is written and implemented, it can be executed using Jenkins, BAT file, and IDEs like IntelliJ & Eclipse. Executing individual scenario from IDE is an easy job for an automation tester. However, if an non-technical
The post WelDree appeared first on Codoid.

I try to configure Jmeter on Ubuntu and I cannot open HTTPS web-page even with installed certificate on Mozilla, HSTS statement appears on web page.
LOGS in Jmeter

2019/07/10 15:07:12 INFO – jmeter.protocol.http.proxy.Proxy: [35494] KeyStore for SSL loaded OK and put host ‘safebrowsing.googleapis.com’ in map with key (safebrowsing.googleapis.com)
2019/07/10 15:07:12 WARN – jmeter.protocol.http.proxy.Proxy: [35494] Problem with SSL certificate for ‘safebrowsing.googleapis.com’? Ensure browser is set to accept the JMeter proxy cert: Received fatal alert: bad_certificate
2019/07/10 15:07:12 WARN – jmeter.protocol.http.proxy.Proxy: [35498] Problem with SSL certificate for ‘incoming.telemetry.mozilla.org’? Ensure browser is set to accept the JMeter proxy cert: Received fatal alert: bad_certificate

HSTS

Certificate in Mozilla

Table of Contents1. Introduction to FunctionsWhat are functions?Why use functions?Defining and calling functions2. Function ArgumentsDefault argumentsKeyword argumentsVariable-length arguments3. Returning Values from FunctionsThe return statementMultiple return valuesReturning None4. Anonymous Functions (Lambda Functions)Syntax and examplesUsing lambda functions as arguments5. Conclusion and Next StepsSummary of key concepts and TechniquesResources for further learning and practice1. Introduction to Functions in PythonFunctions are a way to break up large pieces of code into smaller, more manageable pieces that can be reused and called multiple times throughout a program. In this tutorial, we’ll cover the basics of functions in Python, including what they are, why we use them, and how to define and call them.1.1. What are functions?Functions are named blocks of code that can be called to perform a specific task. They allow you to break up large programs into smaller, more manageable pieces, making your code more organized and easier to read. Functions also help you avoid repeating code, which can save time and reduce errors.1.2. Why use functions?There are several reasons why you might use functions in your code:Code reuse: Once you’ve written a function, you can call it multiple times throughout your program, without having to rewrite the code each time.Organization: Functions allow you to break up your code into smaller, more manageable pieces, making it easier to read and maintain.Modularity: Functions allow you to build complex programs by combining simple, well-defined functions.1.2. Defining and calling functionsIn Python, you define a function using the def keyword, followed by the name of the function, and a set of parentheses. Any arguments to the function are listed inside the parentheses. The function body is indented and contains the code that the function will execute.Here’s an example of a simple function that takes no arguments and simply prints a message:scssCopy codedef say_hello():
print(“Hello, world!”)To call this function, you simply write its name followed by a set of parentheses:scssCopy codesay_hello()
This will execute the code in the function body, printing “Hello, world!” to the console.2. Function ArgumentsIn Python, we can pass arguments to a function by placing them inside the parentheses after the function name. Arguments are input values that are passed to a function when it is called. We can define functions that take one or more arguments, and we can pass arguments to these functions when we call them.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef greet(name):
print(“Hello, ” + name + “!”)

greet(“Alice”)
greet(“Bob”)In this example, we define a function called greet that takes a single argument name. The function then prints a message that includes the value of name.When we call the function with greet(“Alice”), the function prints “Hello, Alice!”. Similarly, when we call the function with greet(“Bob”), the function prints “Hello, Bob!”.2.1. Default arguments:In Python, we can also provide default values for function arguments. If we define a function with default values for some of its arguments, those arguments can be omitted when the function is called, and the default values will be used instead.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef greet(name, greeting=”Hello”):
print(greeting + “, ” + name + “!”)

greet(“Alice”)
greet(“Bob”, “Hi”)In this example, we define a function called greet that takes two arguments: name and greeting. The greeting argument has a default value of “Hello”. When we call the function with greet(“Alice”), the function prints “Hello, Alice!”. When we call the function with greet(“Bob”, “Hi”), the function prints “Hi, Bob!”.2.2. Keyword arguments:In Python, we can also specify function arguments by keyword, instead of by position. This can be useful when we have functions with many arguments, and we want to make it clear which argument is which.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef greet(name, greeting=”Hello”):
print(greeting + “, ” + name + “!”)

greet(greeting=”Hi”, name=”Alice”)In this example, we call the function greet with the arguments name=”Alice” and greeting=”Hi”. Because we specify the arguments by keyword, we can pass them in any order.2.3. Variable-length arguments:In Python, we can define functions that take a variable number of arguments. This can be useful when we don’t know how many arguments a function will need to take.There are two ways to define variable-length arguments in Python: using *args or using **kwargs.2.4. Using *args:We use *args to pass a variable number of arguments to a function. The * indicates that the arguments should be collected into a tuple.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef multiply(*args):
result = 1
for arg in args:
result *= arg
return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4))
print(multiply(5, 6, 7, 8))In this example, we define a function called multiply that takes a variable number of arguments. The function multiplies all of the arguments together and returns the result. When we call the function with multiply(2, 3, 4), the function returns 24. When we call the function with multiply(5, 6, 7, 8), the function returns 1680.2.5. Using **kwargs:We use **kwargs to pass a variable number of keyword arguments. The **kwargs syntax allows us to pass a variable number of keyword arguments to a function. The keyword arguments are passed as a dictionary where the keys are the argument names and the values are the argument values.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef print_kwargs(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f”{key} = {value}”)

print_kwargs(name=”Alice”, age=25, city=”New York”)In this example, the print_kwargs function takes a variable number of keyword arguments using **kwargs. The function then iterates over the dictionary of keyword arguments using the items() method and prints each key-value pair.The output of this code will be:makefileCopy codename = Alice
age = 25
city = New York3. Returning Values from FunctionsA function can return a value using the return statement. The value returned by the function can be assigned to a variable or used in an expression.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef add_numbers(a, b):
return a + b

result = add_numbers(3, 4)
print(result) # Output: 7In this example, the add_numbers function takes two arguments and returns their sum using the return statement. The function is called with arguments 3 and 4, and the result of the function call is assigned to a variable result. The value of result is then printed to the console.3.1. Multiple return valuesA function can return multiple values using the return statement. In Python, multiple values are returned as a tuple.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef get_name_and_age():
name = “Alice”
age = 25
return name, age

result = get_name_and_age()
print(result) # Output: (‘Alice’, 25)In this example, the get_name_and_age function returns two values: a name and an age. The values are returned as a tuple. The function is called and the result is assigned to a variable result. The value of result is then printed to the console.3.2. Returning NoneIf a function does not have a return statement, it returns None by default. None is a special value in Python that represents the absence of a value.Here’s an example:pythonCopy codedef say_hello(name):
print(f”Hello, {name}!”)

result = say_hello(“Alice”)
print(result) # Output: NoneIn this example, the say_hello function takes a name as an argument and prints a greeting. The function does not have a return statement, so it returns None by default. The function is called with the argument “Alice”. The value of the function call is assigned to a variable result, which is then printed to the console. Since the function returns None, the output is also None.4. Conclusion:In Python, functions play a fundamental role in organizing and modularizing code. They allow you to break down complex tasks into smaller, reusable components, making your code more readable, maintainable, and efficient. Throughout this tutorial, we explored various aspects of functions in Python and learned how to define functions, pass arguments, and return values.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

I get the following errror when I use git bash command – however when I run the test in Intellij everything works fine and test starts. Could you help ?
mvn test -Dcucumber.filter.tags=”@desktop”
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Input must be set
at org.openqa.selenium.internal.Require.nonNull(Require.java:59)
at org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.FluentWait.<init>(FluentWait.java:97)
at org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait.<init>(WebDriverWait.java:77)
at org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait.<init>(WebDriverWait.java:46)
at utils.Utils.waitForElement(Utils.java:28)
at pages.LandingPage.acceptConsent(LandingPage.java:21)

Feature file
@desktop
Scenario: Test landing page
Given Customer accepts cookie consent
And I click “OK” button at the bottom of the page

POM
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>
<project xmlns=”http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0″
xmlns:xsi=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”
xsi:schemaLocation=”http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd”>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<artifactId>Cucumber</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>

<dependencies>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-java –>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.4.0</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.testng/testng –>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.testng/testng –>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.testng</groupId>
<artifactId>testng</artifactId>
<version>7.7.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-java –>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId>
<version>7.8.1</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-junit –>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-junit</artifactId>
<version>7.8.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.assertj/assertj-core –>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.assertj</groupId>
<artifactId>assertj-core</artifactId>
<version>3.23.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.github.bonigarcia/webdrivermanager –>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.github.bonigarcia</groupId>
<artifactId>webdrivermanager</artifactId>
<version>5.3.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<version>RELEASE</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>org.reflections</groupId>
<artifactId>reflections</artifactId>
<version>0.9.11</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.google.guava/guava –>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
<artifactId>guava</artifactId>
<version>31.1-jre</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-java –>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.8.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<version>1.18.26</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.slf4j/slf4j-simple –>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
<version>2.0.7</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.slf4j/slf4j-api –>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>2.0.7</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core –>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.opencsv/opencsv –>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.opencsv</groupId>
<artifactId>opencsv</artifactId>
<version>5.7.1</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/picocontainer/picocontainer –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/picocontainer/picocontainer –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/picocontainer/picocontainer –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-picocontainer –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/picocontainer/picocontainer –>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-picocontainer –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/picocontainer/picocontainer –>
<dependency>
<groupId>picocontainer</groupId>
<artifactId>picocontainer</artifactId>
<version>1.2</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/de.monochromata.cucumber/reporting-plugin –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-html –>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-html</artifactId>
<version>0.2.7</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.maven.plugins/maven-surefire-plugin –>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.maven.plugins/maven-surefire-plugin –>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.0.0</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-java8 –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/io.cucumber/cucumber-core –>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-core</artifactId>
<version>7.11.2</version>
</dependency>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/net.masterthought/maven-cucumber-reporting –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/net.masterthought/cucumber-reporting –>
<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.aventstack/extentreports-cucumber4-adapter –>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.aventstack/extentreports –>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.relevantcodes/extentreports –>

<!– https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/net.masterthought/maven-cucumber-reporting –>
<dependency>
<groupId>net.masterthought</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-cucumber-reporting</artifactId>
<version>5.7.5</version>
</dependency>

</dependencies>

<build>
<plugins>

<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.0.0</version>
<configuration>
<includes>
<include>**/*TestRunner.java</include>
</includes>
</configuration>
</plugin>

<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<testFailureIgnore>true</testFailureIgnore>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>net.masterthought</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-cucumber-reporting</artifactId>
<version>5.7.5</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>execution</id>
<phase>verify</phase>
<goals>
<goal>generate</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<projectName>Cucumber</projectName>
<!– optional, per documentation set this to “true” to bypass generation of Cucumber Reports entirely, defaults to false if not specified –>
<skip>false</skip>
<!– output directory for the generated report –>
<outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}</outputDirectory>
<!– optional, defaults to outputDirectory if not specified –>
<inputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/jsonReports</inputDirectory>
<jsonFiles>
<!– supports wildcard or name pattern –>
<param>**/*.json</param>
</jsonFiles>
<!– optional, defaults to outputDirectory if not specified –>

<!– optional, set true to group features by its Ids –>
<mergeFeaturesById>false</mergeFeaturesById>
<!– optional, set true to get a final report with latest results of the same test from different test runs –>
<mergeFeaturesWithRetest>false</mergeFeaturesWithRetest>
<!– optional, set true to fail build on test failures –>
<checkBuildResult>false</checkBuildResult>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>

</project>

Intellij configuration where it works

 Why you should switch to Cypress for modern web testing?“I think you’ll agree with me when I say…Test your code not your patience”So, What I mean with the above line is that we are in an era where the web is evolving extremely with the deployment of angular.js, react.js, Vue.js and p5.js based web applications. These modern web applications are responsive, communicative(using chatbots) and built on top of material design.We as software automation engineers are traditionally following the approach that has been started a decade ago. Yes, you got it right! I am talking about selenium here. Also, ten years back web wasn’t the same as it is today.Since then web has evolved much, hence the testing should too!Testing is one of the critical processes in application development. The success or failure of the application entirely depends on it. However, website testing is totally different from conventional software testing. Following are some factors that could be a big hurdle to the testing efforts and make web testing more challenging for the testers.Challenges in Modern Web Testing:Dealing with XHR calls and web servicesShort deployment sprints, and major time involved in testingSecurity of dataVery expensive to maintain due to lack of infrastructure for testingDynamic behavior of applications due to modern development frameworksMany more yet to come in the future…These are some problems associated with selenium. Selenium has been a major player in E2E web application testing for a decade now. But the modern web is different today, in order to overcome these shortcomings of selenium cypress comes into the picture here.Why Cypress?Cypress is a JavaScript-based end-to-end testing framework that doesn’t uses selenium at all. It is built on top of mocha which is again a feature-rich JavaScript test framework running on Node.js and in the browser, making asynchronous testing simple and fun.Cypress also uses Chai a BDD / TDD assertion library for node and the browser that can be delightfully paired with any JavaScript testing framework.Well, the developer of Cypress.io Brian Mann, through a survey collected data on testing challenges and addressed most of the shortcomings by developing Cypress. Although Cypress has many handy advantages I want to highlight only those that I found fascinating.Automatic Waiting - Cypress automatically waits for – the DOM to load, the element to become visible, the animation to get completed, the XHR and AJAX calls to be finished and many more. Hence, no need to define implicit and Explicit waits.Real-Time Reloads – Cypress is intelligent enough to know that after saving your test file(xyz_spec.js file) you are gonna run it again. So Cypress automatically triggers the run next to your browser as soon as you press CTRL+S to save your file. Hence, no need to manually trigger the run.Debuggability - Cypress gives you the ability to directly debug your app under test from Chrome Dev-tools, It not only gives you straightforward error messages but also suggests how you should approach them.Some more Advantages of Cypress:Fig 1.0: Cypress FeaturesTo have more insight into Cypress’s Advantages over other automation tools, please read Cypress AdvantagesWhat makes Cypress Different?Architecture – Most testing tools operate by running outside of the browser and executing remote commands across the network. Cypress is the exact opposite. Cypress is executed in the same run loop as your application.Works On Network Layer – Cypress also operates at the network layer by reading and altering web traffic on the fly. This enables Cypress to not only modify everything coming in and out of the browser, but also to change code that may interfere with its ability to automate the browser. Cypress ultimately controls the entire automation process from top to bottom.New Kind Of Testing - Having ultimate control over your application, the network traffic, and native access to every host object unlocks a new way of testing that has never been possible before. Instead of being ‘locked out’ of your application and not being able to easily control it — Cypress instead lets you alter any aspect of how your application works.Test how your application responds to errors on your server by modifying response status codes to 500 so that timers or polls automatically fire without having to wait for the required time in your tests.Shortcuts – Cypress prevents you from being forced to always ‘act like a user’ to generate the state of a given situation. That means you do not have to visit a login page, type in a username and password and wait for the page to load and/or redirect for every test you run. Cypress gives you the ability to take shortcuts and programmatically log in.Shift left paradigm in CypressInstalling CypressInstalling cypress is a fairly easy task. The only thing you need to have is node.js installed in your machine and then it’s all about two npm commands -1. npm init2. npm install cypress –save-devThe first command will create a package.json file and the second command will install cypress as a ‘devDependencies’ array in your package descriptor (package.json) file.Installing Cypress will take around 2 to 3 mins based on your network speedCypress has now been installed to your ./node_modules directory. Once you have done with the installation part, you are gonna open Cypress for the first time by executing this command at the location where you have your package.json file -./node_modules/.bin/cypress openTo view the full installation video click here. This will open cypress GUI like -Fig 1.1: GUI-based Cypress Test RunnerCypress comes with its own folder structure, this folder automatically gets generated when you open Cypress for the first time at that location. It comes with ready-made recipes that show you how to test common scenarios in Cypress.Fig 1.2: Cypress folder structureWe keep our test data in JSON format inside the fixture folder and writes test inside the integration folder following the same naming convention. Any custom command will come under the support folder.Writing Your First Test using CypressLet’s create a new file kitchensink_spec.js in the cypress/integration folder. Open up your favorite IDE and add the code below to our kitchensink_spec.js test file./** * @author Shivam Bharadwaj * @description Cypress Demo */
//This is where your test suite startsdescribe(‘My First Test’, function () {
//This function will execute before each test (i.e it()) beforeEach(function () { //Visiting the url cy.visit(‘https://example.cypress.io’) })
//Here you actually writes your test (it() is similar to @Test annotaion of TestNG) it(‘Visits the Kitchen Sink’, function () {
//Click on type button cy.contains(‘type’).click()
// Should be on a new URL which includes ‘/commands/actions’ cy.url().should(‘include’, ‘/commands/actions’)
// Get an input, type into it and verify that the value has been updated cy.get(‘.action-email’) .type(‘fake@email.com’) .should(‘have.value’, ‘fake@email.com’) })})Code Explanation -Line 7 is creating a test suite with the name ‘My First Test’. Line 10 is creating a function that runs before each test. Line 12 with the simple cy.visit command passing the URL we want to visit. With line 16 we are actually writing a test having the name ‘Visits the Kitchen Sink’ And inside it at line 19, we are kind of making an assertion first, and then if DOM contains a ‘type’ word on UI it triggers a click event on it.At line 22 we are verifying that after clicking the new URL should contain /commands/cations. Finally in line 25 to 27 we first finding the element by its class name, typing fake@email.com in it and finally verifying that the correct value is typed.To view the short video of the code click hereOutput -Wow!! It took only 7.89 seconds for the application to load, type some values and verify the assertion. It’s incredible!!Fig 1.4: Console outputusing cypress we can automatically travel back in time by just hovering over the event within our application under test in such a way that it takes you to that moment where the application was at the time of the event triggered. But as we hover over the CONTAINS, Cypress reverts back to the URL that was present when our snapshot was taken.Notice there is also a funny looking Log called: (PAGE LOAD) followed by another entry for (NEW URL). Neither of these was a command that we issued rather Cypress itself will log out important events from your application when they occur.As you can see this is the console view at the bottom of the image(Fig1.4) where you can find all the information about the event like command, selector, value, matched elements, and yielded.Congratulations!!! You have tested your app with Cypress.ConclusionHence, we might think to switch our tactics and use Cypress as our primary E2E tool. It works as expected and makes our lives a lot easier.I have used Cypress way too little to like it very much and think this is the tool we required.In any way do try Cypress.To know more about cypress refer to the links below -Referencesexample source codeCypress.io documentationhttps://github.com/cypress-io/cypressGuest Author:Shivam BharadwajSay Hi on Twitter

1. Introduction to Selenium1.1 What is Selenium?Selenium is an open-source test automation framework that allows you to automate web browsers. It provides a suite of tools and libraries for different automation needs. Selenium supports multiple programming languages, including Java, Python, C#, etc., making it a versatile choice for automating web applications.1.2 Selenium ComponentsSelenium consists of the following components:1. Selenium WebDriver: It is the core component of Selenium and provides a programming interface to interact with web browsers. WebDriver allows you to automate browser actions such as opening URLs, filling forms, clicking buttons, and more.2. Selenium IDE: It is a record and playback tool for creating automated test cases. Selenium IDE is a browser extension that allows you to record user interactions with a web application and generate test scripts.3. Selenium Grid: It is a tool used for distributed test execution. Selenium Grid enables you to run tests on multiple machines or browsers in parallel, making it suitable for large-scale test automation.1.3 Advantages of SeleniumSelenium offers several advantages for test automation:1. Cross-browser compatibility: Selenium supports multiple web browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer, allowing you to test your web application on different platforms.2. Multiple language support: Selenium supports various programming languages, giving you the flexibility to choose the language you are comfortable with for test automation.3. Wide community support: Selenium has a large and active community of users and contributors who share knowledge, provide support, and contribute to the development of the framework.4. Extensibility: Selenium can be extended through custom libraries, frameworks, and plugins, allowing you to enhance its functionality and integrate it with other tools.5. Integration with test frameworks: Selenium can be integrated with popular test frameworks such as TestNG and JUnit, enabling you to leverage advanced features like test management, reporting, and data-driven testing.1.4 Limitations of SeleniumWhile Selenium is a powerful test automation tool, it also has some limitations:1. Limited support for desktop applications: Selenium is primarily designed for automating web applications and has limited support for automating desktop applications.2. No built-in support for image-based testing: Selenium does not provide native capabilities for image-based testing, making it challenging to verify the visual aspects of a web application.3. Complex setup for distributed testing: Setting up and configuring Selenium Grid for distributed testing requires additional effort and technical knowledge.4. Maintenance overhead: As web applications evolve and change, test scripts written with Selenium may require maintenance to accommodate updates in the application’s structure and behavior.1.5 Selenium vs. Other Automation ToolsSelenium offers several advantages over other automation tools:1. Open-source: Selenium is an open-source framework, which means it is free to use and has a large and active community of contributors.2. Cross-browser compatibility: Selenium supports multiple browsers, making it suitable for testing web applications on different platforms.3. Language support: Selenium supports multiple programming languages, allowing users to write test scripts in their preferred language.4. Extensibility: Selenium can be extended through custom libraries and frameworks, providing flexibility and customization options.5. Integration with test frameworks: Selenium can be easily integrated with popular test frameworks like TestNG and JUnit, enabling users to leverage advanced testing features.2. Introduction to Selenium WebDriver2.1 Introduction to WebDriverSelenium WebDriver is the primary component of the Selenium framework that allows you to automate browser actions and interact with web elements. WebDriver provides a programming interface to write test scripts in various programming languages such as Java, Python, C#, etc. These test scripts can then be executed on different web browsers to automate testing tasks.2.2 WebDriver ArchitectureThe architecture of WebDriver consists of the following key components:1. Language Bindings: WebDriver provides language-specific bindings that enable you to write test scripts in your preferred programming language.2. WebDriver API: The WebDriver API provides methods and classes to interact with web browsers, locate and manipulate web elements, and perform various browser actions.3. Browser Drivers: WebDriver requires a specific browser driver to establish a connection with the target browser. Each browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari) has its own driver that needs to be downloaded and configured.4. Native Events: WebDriver uses native events to simulate user interactions with web elements, ensuring accurate automation of actions like clicking, typing, etc.5. JSON Wire Protocol: WebDriver communicates with the browser drivers using the JSON Wire Protocol, which defines a standard way to exchange commands and responses between the WebDriver API and the browser drivers.2.3 WebDriver-Supported BrowsersWebDriver supports a wide range of web browsers, including but not limited to:1. Google Chrome: ChromeDriver2. Mozilla Firefox: GeckoDriver3. Microsoft Edge: EdgeDriver4. Apple Safari: SafariDriver (limited support)5. Opera: OperaDriver6. Internet Explorer: InternetExplorerDriver (deprecated)Each browser requires its respective driver executable, which needs to be downloaded and placed in the system’s PATH or configured to the WebDriver instance.2.4 Setting Up WebDriverTo set up WebDriver for test automation, follow these general steps:1. Choose a programming language: Determine which programming language you want to use for writing WebDriver scripts. Popular choices include Java, Python, and C#.2. Download the browser driver: Visit the official Selenium website or the browser driver’s respective website to download the appropriate driver for your target browser. Ensure that you download the version compatible with your browser version.3. Configure the browser driver: Set the path to the browser driver executable in your project configuration or system’s PATH environment variable.4. Set up the WebDriver library: Add the necessary WebDriver library or dependencies to your project. You can typically do this by adding the relevant Maven or Gradle dependencies or by including the WebDriver JAR files manually.5. Initialize the WebDriver instance: In your test script, create an instance of the WebDriver using the appropriate driver class for the desired browser (e.g., ChromeDriver, FirefoxDriver).6. Write test scripts: Use the WebDriver API to write test scripts, which involve actions like navigating to URLs, interacting with web elements, and validating expected behaviors.7. Execute test scripts: Run your WebDriver test scripts to execute the automation tasks on the target browser.Remember to handle exceptions, manage waits and synchronization, and implement best practices for writing maintainable and robust WebDriver test scripts. 3. How does Selenium WebDriver Work? Here’s a high-level overview of how Selenium works:1. Selenium WebDriver:At the core of Selenium is WebDriver, which provides a programming interface to interact with web browsers. WebDriver allows you to automate browser actions such as opening URLs, filling forms, clicking buttons, and more.WebDriver communicates with the browser through a browser-specific driver. For example, ChromeDriver for Google Chrome, GeckoDriver for Mozilla Firefox, etc. These drivers act as intermediaries between WebDriver and the browser, enabling communication and control.2. Browser Automation:Selenium WebDriver uses the browser driver to establish a connection with the target browser. This connection allows WebDriver to control the browser and execute commands.When you execute a command using WebDriver (e.g., navigating to a URL, clicking an element), WebDriver sends the corresponding command to the browser driver.The browser driver translates the command into browser-specific actions and sends them to the browser for execution.The browser performs the requested action (e.g., opens the URL, clicks the element), and the result is sent back to the browser driver.3. Locating Web Elements:Selenium provides various methods to locate web elements on a web page, such as by ID, name, class name, CSS selector, XPath, etc.Once a web element is located, WebDriver can perform actions on it, such as clicking, typing, getting text, etc.4. Synchronization and Waits:Web applications often have dynamic elements that load asynchronously or have animations. To handle such scenarios, Selenium provides synchronization techniques and wait mechanisms.You can use implicit waits or explicit waits to wait for specific conditions or elements to be present, visible, clickable, etc. before performing actions on them.5. Assertions and Verifications:Selenium allows you to perform assertions and verifications to validate the expected behavior of a web application.You can verify element presence, text content, attribute values, page titles, URLs, and more.6. Test Reporting and Logging:Selenium provides options for generating test reports and logging test execution details.You can integrate Selenium with test frameworks like TestNG or JUnit to generate detailed test reports and manage test execution.Overall, Selenium provides a powerful set of tools and APIs that enable you to automate web testing and perform a wide range of actions on web browsers. It allows you to simulate user interactions, validate expected behavior, and integrate with other tools and frameworks for efficient test automation.Next >> What are Selenium Locators?AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately working as an Automation Developer for more than a decade.

1. What is a Class in Python?In Python, a class is a blueprint or a template for creating objects that have similar characteristics and behaviors. It provides a structure for organizing and grouping data and functions that operate on that data. In this tutorial, we’ll go over the basics of defining and using classes in Python.1.1. Defining a ClassTo define a class in Python, you use the class keyword, followed by the name of the class. Here is a simple example:pythonCopy codeclass Person:
passThis creates a new class called Person that doesn’t do anything. The pass statement is used as a placeholder for future code.2. Class AttributesA class can have attributes that are shared by all instances of the class. To define a class attribute, you simply create a variable inside the class:pythonCopy codeclass Person:
species = ‘human’In this case, species is a class attribute that is shared by all instances of the Person class. You can access this attribute using the class name:pythonCopy codeprint(Person.species) # Output: ‘human’
3. Class MethodsA class can also have methods, which are functions that are associated with the class. These methods can access and modify the class attributes and can be used to perform operations on instances of the class. To define a class method, you use the def keyword inside the class:pythonCopy codeclass Person:
species = ‘human’

def greet(self):
print(‘Hello, I am a’, self.species)In this example, greet() is a class method that takes one parameter (self), which refers to the instance of the class. The method simply prints a greeting that includes the species the attribute of the class.To use the class method, you create an instance of the class and call the method on that instance:pythonCopy codeperson = Person()
person.greet() # Output: ‘Hello, I am a human’4. Instance AttributesIn addition to class attributes, each instance of a class can have its own attributes that are specific to that instance. To define an instance attribute, you create a variable inside the __init__() method of the class:pythonCopy codeclass Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def introduce(self):
print(‘My name is’, self.name, ‘and I am’, self.age, ‘years old.’)In this example, the __init__() the method is used to initialize the name and age attributes of the instance. These attributes are specific to each instance of the Person class. The introduce() the method is used to print out the name and age of the instance.To create an instance of the class, you simply call the class name with any required parameters:pythonCopy codeperson = Person(‘Alice’, 25)
person.introduce() # Output: ‘My name is Alice and I am 25 years old.’5. Private AttributesPrivate attributes are attributes that are intended to be used only within the class. They are prefixed with double underscores __ to make them private. Private attributes can only be accessed within the class using the same name or through instance methods defined within the class. They cannot be accessed directly from outside the class or even from subclasses.Here’s an example class that demonstrates private attributes:pythonCopy codeclass MyClass:
def __init__(self, public_attribute, private_attribute):
self.public_attribute = public_attribute
self.__private_attribute = private_attribute

def get_private_attribute(self):
return self.__private_attribute

def set_private_attribute(self, value):
self.__private_attribute = value

def print_attributes(self):
print(f’Public attribute: {self.public_attribute}’)
print(f’Private attribute: {self.__private_attribute}’)In this example, we define a class MyClass with a public attribute public_attribute and a private attribute __private_attribute. We also define instance methods get_private_attribute() and set_private_attribute() to get and set the value of the private attribute, respectively. The method print_attributes() is defined to print both the public and private attributes.pythonCopy codeobj = MyClass(‘public’, ‘private’)
print(obj.public_attribute) # Output: public

# This will raise an AttributeError because the attribute is private.
print(obj.__private_attribute)

print(obj.get_private_attribute()) # Output: private

obj.set_private_attribute(‘new value’)
print(obj.get_private_attribute()) # Output: new value

obj.print_attributes()
# Output: Public attribute: public
# Private attribute: new valueIn this example, we can access the public attribute public_attribute directly using the instance name. However, we cannot access the private attribute __private_attribute directly from outside the class. We can only access it using the instance methods get_private_attribute() and set_private_attribute(). When we call the print_attributes() method, we can see that both the public and private attributes are printed.Note that although private attributes cannot be accessed directly from outside the class, they can still be accessed using the _ClassName__private_attribute syntax. However, this is considered bad practice and should be avoided.6. Example Class that demonstrates each type of attribute:pythonCopy codeclass MyClass:
class_attribute = ‘class attribute’

def __init__(self, instance_attribute):
self.instance_attribute = instance_attribute

def instance_method(self):
print(‘This is an instance method.’)

@classmethod
def class_method(cls):
print(‘This is a class method.’)

@staticmethod
def static_method():
print(‘This is a static method.’)In this example, we define a class MyClass with a class attribute class_attribute, an instance attribute instance_attribute, an instance method instance_method(), a class method class_method(), and a static method static_method(). Here’s how we can access each of these attributes:pythonCopy codeprint(MyClass.class_attribute) # Output: class attribute

obj = MyClass(‘instance attribute’)
print(obj.instance_attribute) # Output: instance attribute

obj.instance_method() # Output: This is an instance method.
MyClass.class_method() # Output: This is a class method.
MyClass.static_method() # Output: This is a static method.In this example, class_attribute is a class attribute that is shared by all instances of the class. instance_attribute is an instance attribute that is specific to each instance of the class. instance_method() is an instance method that can only be called on instances of the class. class_method() is a class method that can be called on the class itself, and static_method() is a static method that can also be called on the class itself.2. Types of Classes in PythonIn Python, there are several types of classes that you can define, depending on your requirements. Here are the most common types of classes in Python:Simple Class:A simple class is the most basic type of class in Python. It defines attributes and methods, which can be used to represent an object. Here’s an example of a simple class:pythonCopy codeclass Dog:
def __init__(self, name, breed):
self.name = name
self.breed = breed

def bark(self):
print(f'{self.name} barks!’)In this example, we define a Dog class with two attributes, name and breed, and one method, bark(). The __init__() method is used to initialize the name and breed attributes with the values passed as arguments. The bark() method simply prints a message indicating that the dog is barking.Abstract Class:An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated directly but can be used as a base class for other classes. It defines abstract methods that must be implemented in any concrete subclass. Here’s an example of an abstract class:pythonCopy codefrom abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def make_sound(self):
pass

class Dog(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
print(‘Woof!’)In this example, we define an abstract class Animal that has one abstract method, make_sound(). The @abstractmethod decorator is used to indicating that this method must be implemented in any concrete subclass. We define a concrete subclass Dog that implements the make_sound() method by printing ‘Woof!’ to the console.Concrete Class:A concrete class is a class that can be instantiated and used directly. It doesn’t have any abstract methods that need to be implemented in any subclass. Here’s an example of a concrete class:pythonCopy codeclass Car:
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year

def start_engine(self):
print(f'{self.make} {self.model} ({self.year}) engine started!’)In this example, we define a Car class with three attributes, make, model, and year, and one method, start_engine(). The __init__() method is used to initialize the attributes with the values passed as arguments. The start_engine() method simply prints a message indicating that the car’s engine has been started.Inherited Class:An inherited class is a class that inherits attributes and methods from a parent class. It can add new attributes and methods, or override existing ones. Here’s an example of an inherited class:pythonCopy codeclass Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def make_sound(self):
print(‘Animal makes sound!’)

class Dog(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
print(‘Woof!’)In this example, we define a Animal class with one attribute, name, and one method, make_sound(). We define a Dog class that inherits from Animal and overrides the make_sound() method with its own implementation. When make_sound() is called on an instance of Dog, it prints ‘Woof!’ to the console.Mixin Class:A mixin class is a class that provides specific functionality that can be added to other classes. It doesn’t have its own instance attributes but defines methods that can be used by other classes. Here’s an example of a mixin class:pythonCopy codeclass FlyMixin:
def fly(self):
print(f'{self.__class__.__name__} flies!’)

class Bird(FlyMixin):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

class Plane(FlyMixin):
def __init__(self, model):
self.model = modelIn this example, we define a FlyMixin the class that has one method, fly(), which simply prints a message indicating that the object is flying. We define two classes, Bird and Plane, that inherit from FlyMixin and can use the fly() method. The Bird the class has an additional attribute, name, while the Plane the class has an additional attribute, model.Metaclass:A metaclass is a class that defines the behavior of other classes. It’s used to customize the behavior of class creation and class instances. Here’s an example of a metaclass:pythonCopy codeclass MyMeta(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
attrs[‘class_name’] = name
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class MyClass(metaclass=MyMeta):
passIn this example, we define a metaclass MyMeta that has a __new__() method. This method is called when a new class is created, and it adds a new attribute, class_name, to the class. We define a MyClass class that uses MyMeta as its metaclass, which means that MyMeta’s __new__() method is called when MyClass is created. When we create an instance of MyClass, it has a class_name attribute that is set to ‘MyClass’.Singleton Class:A singleton class is a class that allows only one instance to be created. This is useful when you want to ensure that there’s only one instance of a class in your program. Here’s an example of a singleton class:pythonCopy codeclass Singleton:
_instance = None

def __new__(cls):
if cls._instance is None:
cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
return cls._instanceIn this example, we define a Singleton class that has a private class attribute _instance, which is initially set to None. The __new__() method is used to create a new instance of the class if _instance is None, or return the existing instance if it’s not. When we create multiple instances of Singleton, we always get the same instance.Data Class:A data class is a class that is designed primarily to store data. It automatically generates special methods such as __init__(), __repr__(), __eq__(), and __hash__(). Here’s an example of a data class:pythonCopy codefrom dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Person:
name: str
age: int
email: strIn this example, we define a Person class using the @dataclass decorator. The class has three attributes, name, age, and email, which are automatically initialized by the __init__() method generated by dataclass. The __repr__(), __eq__(), and __hash__() methods are also automatically generated. We can create instances of Person and access its attributes directly, like this:pythonCopy codeperson = Person(‘John’, 30, ‘john@example.com’)
print(person.name) # Output: John
print(person.age) # Output: 30
print(person.email) # Output: john@example.comConclusionIn this tutorial, we’ve covered the basics of defining and using classes in Python. A class is a blueprint or a template for creating objects that have similar characteristics and behaviors. It provides a structure for organizing and grouping data and functions that operate on that data. We’ve looked at defining class attributes, class methods, instance attributes, and how to create instances of a class. With this knowledge, you can start building more complex programs using classes and objects.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

3. Appium Inspector and Locating ElementsAppium Inspector is a powerful tool that allows you to inspect and locate elements within a mobile application. In this tutorial, we will explore the Appium Inspector and learn how to locate elements using various strategies.

3.1. Appium Inspector:i. Appium Inspector is a graphical user interface tool that provides a visual representation of the application’s user interface hierarchy.ii. It allows you to inspect and interact with individual elements within the app, making it easier to identify and locate elements for automation.3.2. Launching Appium Inspector:i. To launch the Appium Inspector, you need to start the Appium Server and ensure the desired capabilities are correctly configured.ii. Once the server is running, you can open the Appium Inspector either through the Appium Desktop application or by accessing the Inspector URL provided by the server.3.3. Inspecting Elements:i. In the Appium Inspector, you will see a representation of the application’s user interface, displaying the hierarchy of elements.ii. You can interact with the application directly in the Inspector by tapping on elements, scrolling, or performing other actions.iii. As you interact with the app, the Inspector highlights the corresponding element in the hierarchy, making it easier to identify and locate elements.3.4. Locating Elements:To automate interactions with elements, you need to locate them using appropriate strategies.
Appium supports various element location strategies, including:ID: Locating elements using their unique IDs assigned by the application.Name: Locating elements using their displayed names.XPath: Locating elements using XPath expressions.CSS Selector: Locating elements using CSS selectors.Class Name: Locating elements using their class names.Accessibility ID: Locating elements using accessibility IDs assigned to elements.Find Element by IDTo find an element by its ID, you can use the findElementById() method of the driver object. For example:javaCopy codeMobileElement element = driver.findElementById(“com.example.app:id/button”);This will find an element with ID “button” and assign it to the “element” object.Find Element by NameTo find an element by its name, you can use the findElementByName() method of the driver object. For example:javaCopy codeMobileElement element = driver.findElementByName(“Button”);This will find an element with the name “Button” and assign it to the “element” object.Find Element by Class NameTo find an element by its class name, you can use the findElementByClassName() method of the driver object. For example:javaCopy codeMobileElement element = driver.findElementByClassName(“android.widget.Button”);This will find an element with the class name “android.widget.Button” and assign it to the “element” object.Find Element by Accessibility IDTo find an element by its accessibility ID, you can use the findElementByAccessibilityId() method of the driver object. For example:javaCopy codeMobileElement element = driver.findElementByAccessibilityId(“Button”);This will find an element with the accessibility ID “Button” and assign it to the “element” object.Find Element by XPathTo find an element by its XPath, you can use the findElementByXPath() method of the driver object. For example:javaCopy codeMobileElement element = driver.findElementByXPath(“//android.widget.Button[@text=’Login’]”);This will find an element with the text “Login” and assign it to the “element” object.Find Element by Custom AttributeYou can also find elements by their custom attributes using the findElementBy() method of the driver object. This method takes a MobileBy object as an argument, which is created using the MobileBy class. For example:javaCopy codeMobileElement element = driver.findElement(MobileBy.custom(“attribute”, “value”));This will find an element with a custom attribute “attribute” and a value of “value”, and assign it to the “element” object.3.5. Tools to Inspect Elements for AppiumTo inspect elements on a mobile application for Appium, you can use several tools that provide a visual representation of the application’s user interface and the elements on it. Here are some popular tools for inspecting elements on mobile applications:3.5.1. Appium DesktopAppium Desktop is a free and open-source tool that provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for Appium. It allows you to start and stop the Appium server, inspect elements on the mobile application, and create and execute test scripts. Appium Desktop provides a visual tree view of the application’s user interface, allowing you to select and inspect elements and view their properties.i. How to Use Appium Dekstop for inspecting elements?Appium Desktop is a tool that provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for Appium, making it easier to develop and test mobile applications. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to use Appium Desktop:Download and install Appium DesktopYou can download Appium Desktop from the official website: https://github.com/appium/appium-desktop/releases. Once you have downloaded the installation file, run it and follow the installation wizard to install Appium Desktop on your computer.Start the Appium serverLaunch Appium Desktop and click on the “Start Server” button. This will start the Appium server on your computer and display the logs in the console window.Create a new sessionClick on the “New Session” button to create a new session. This will open the “Desired Capabilities” window, where you can specify the settings for the session.Specify the desired capabilitiesIn the “Desired Capabilities” window, you can specify the settings for the session. These settings include the platform name, device name, app package and activity (for Android), app path (for iOS), and other options.For example, to test an Android application, you can specify the following desired capabilities:jsonCopy code{ “platformName”: “Android”, “deviceName”: “Android Emulator”, “appPackage”: “com.example.myapp”, “appActivity”: “.MainActivity” }Connect to the deviceTo connect to the device, you need to specify the IP address and port number of the Appium server. This can be done by clicking on the “Start Inspector Session” button.Inspect the elementsOnce you are connected to the device, Appium Desktop will display a visual representation of the application’s user interface. You can select individual elements by clicking on them, and Appium Desktop will display their properties.Run test scriptsOnce you have inspected the elements, you can use Appium Desktop to create and run test scripts. You can write the test scripts in any programming language supported by Appium (such as Java, Python, or JavaScript), and Appium Desktop will execute them on the connected device.3.5.2. UI Automator ViewerUI Automator Viewer is a tool provided by the Android SDK that allows you to inspect the elements of an Android application. It provides a hierarchical view of the application’s user interface and allows you to select and inspect individual elements. UI Automator Viewer can be launched from the command line or from Android Studio.3.5.3. Xcode’s Accessibility InspectorXcode’s Accessibility Inspector is a tool provided by Apple’s Xcode IDE that allows you to inspect the elements of an iOS application. It provides a hierarchical view of the application’s user interface and allows you to select and inspect individual elements. The Accessibility Inspector can be launched from Xcode’s “Developer Tools” menu.3.5.4. Selendroid InspectorSelendroid Inspector is a tool provided by the Selendroid project that allows you to inspect the elements of an Android application. It provides a graphical user interface that displays the elements of the application and allows you to select and inspect individual elements. Selendroid Inspector can be launched from the command line or from the Selendroid server.Overall, these tools provide a visual representation of the mobile application’s user interface and allow you to inspect and interact with the elements on it. They are essential for developing and testing mobile applications with Appium.Next >> Automating Native Mobile Apps with Appium CommandsAuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

 1. Overview and History of JavaJava is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that was developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s. It is designed to be platform-independent, meaning that Java programs can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. Java is widely used in enterprise applications, mobile applications, desktop applications, web applications, and games.Java is known for its simplicity, readability, and maintainability. It is a high-level language that abstracts away many low-level details, making it easy to learn and use. Java is also strongly-typed, which means that variables must be declared with a specific data type.2. Features of JavaJava is a feature-rich programming language that is known for its simplicity, portability, and security. Some of the key features of Java are:Object-Oriented Programming:
Java is a pure object-oriented programming language, which means that everything in Java is treated as an object. This feature makes Java flexible and adaptable to different use cases.Platform Independence:
Java programs can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed, making it one of the most portable programming languages available today.Automatic Memory Management:
Java has an automatic garbage collector that automatically manages memory allocation and deallocation, reducing the risk of memory leaks and other memory-related issues.Multithreading:
Java supports multithreading, which allows multiple threads of execution to run simultaneously, improving the performance and responsiveness of Java applications.Security:
Java has built-in security features, such as sandboxing and a security manager, which help to protect Java applications from unauthorized access and malicious attacks.Rich API:
Java has a rich set of APIs that cover a wide range of functionalities, including networking, I/O, GUI, and database connectivity.Large Community:
Java has a large and active community of developers, which means that there are many resources available for learning and troubleshooting Java programming issues.Advantages of using Java:Some of the advantages of using Java include:1. Portability: Java code can run on any platform that supports the JVM, making it highly portable and reducing development and deployment costs.2. Object-oriented: Java’s object-oriented approach makes it easier to write and maintain complex code.3. Security: Java’s built-in security features help protect against security vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows and code injection.4. Large standard library: Java’s extensive standard library provides a wide range of functionality for developers, reducing the need for third-party libraries.5. Rich ecosystem: Java has a large and vibrant ecosystem of tools, frameworks, and libraries that make development faster and easier.4. What are JDK, JRE, and JVM?1. JDK  (Java Development Kit)  - The JDK is a software development kit that includes all the tools necessary to develop Java applications. It includes the Java compiler, which is used to convert Java source code into bytecode, as well as other tools such as the Java debugger, documentation generator, and more. The JDK is typically used by developers who are writing and compiling Java code.2. JRE (Java Runtime Environment) - The JRE is a runtime environment that is required to run Java applications. It includes the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is responsible for executing Java bytecode, as well as other components such as class libraries and configuration files. The JRE is typically used by end-users who want to run Java applications.3. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) - The JVM is a runtime environment that is responsible for executing Java bytecode. It provides a platform-independent abstraction layer that allows Java code to run on any system that has a JVM installed. The JVM is responsible for managing memory, executing bytecode, and providing security features such as sandboxing. The JVM is included as part of the JRE and is used by both developers and end-users.5. What is Java IDE (Integrated Development Environment) or Editor?There are many different editors available for writing Java code, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some popular Java editors:Eclipse: Eclipse is a widely-used open-source integrated development environment (IDE) for Java. It provides many features such as code highlighting, code completion, debugging, and more.IntelliJ IDEA: IntelliJ IDEA is a popular commercial IDE for Java. It provides advanced code analysis and refactoring tools, as well as support for various frameworks and technologies.NetBeans: NetBeans is an open-source IDE for Java that provides a wide range of features, including code highlighting, code completion, debugging, and more. It is known for its ease of use and is particularly popular among beginners.Visual Studio Code: Visual Studio Code is a popular open-source code editor that provides support for many programming languages, including Java. It provides a wide range of features, including code highlighting, code completion, debugging, and more.Sublime Text: Sublime Text is a popular text editor that provides advanced code editing features, such as multiple selections and split editing. It has a large plugin ecosystem that provides support for many programming languages, including Java.Atom: Atom is another popular open-source text editor that provides support for many programming languages, including Java. It provides a wide range of features, including code highlighting, code completion, and more.These are just a few examples of the many Java editors available. Ultimately, the choice of editor will depend on personal preference and the specific needs of the project.6. How to Install Java?Installing Java is a straightforward process. Here are the steps to install Java on your system:Visit the official Java download page: https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/Click on the “Download” button under the version of Java that you want to install. You will be prompted to accept the license agreement.Once you have accepted the license agreement, select the appropriate download link for your operating system.Wait for the download to complete.Once the download is complete, run the installer and follow the prompts to install Java on your system.After the installation is complete, verify that Java is installed by opening a command prompt (Windows) or terminal (macOS/Linux) and typing “java -version”. If Java is installed correctly, you should see the version number displayed.That’s it! Java is now installed on your system and you can start writing Java programs.7. Setting up the Development EnvironmentSetting up the development environment for Java involves installing and configuring the necessary software and tools required for developing and running Java applications. Here are the steps to set up a development environment for Java:Install the Java Development Kit (JDK):
The first step in setting up a Java development environment is to install the Java Development Kit (JDK) on your system. You can download the JDK from the Oracle website for your operating system. Once the JDK is installed, you need to set the JAVA_HOME environment variable to point to the installation directory.Choose an IDE:
An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software application that provides a comprehensive development environment for coding, testing, and debugging Java applications. There are many popular IDEs available for Java development, such as Eclipse, NetBeans, and IntelliJ IDEA. Choose an IDE that suits your needs and install it on your system.Configure the IDE:
Once you have installed the IDE, you need to configure it to use the JDK you installed earlier. In Eclipse, for example, you can set the JDK location by going to the Preferences menu and selecting Java > Installed JREs. Then, click the Add button and select the JDK installation directory.Install build tools:
Java applications are typically built using a build tool such as Maven or Gradle. These build tools automate the build process, including compiling, testing, and packaging the application. You can install these tools by downloading them from their respective websites and following the installation instructions.Install a version control system:
Version control systems such as Git, Subversion, and Mercurial are used to manage changes to the source code of a Java application. These systems allow developers to work collaboratively on the same codebase and track changes over time. Install a version control system on your system and configure it for your project.Set up a testing framework:
Testing is an important part of the development process, and there are several testing frameworks available for Java, such as JUnit and TestNG. These frameworks allow developers to write automated tests for their applications and ensure that they are working correctly. Install a testing framework and configure it for your project.Once you have completed these steps, you should have a fully functional development environment for Java. You can now start developing your Java applications using your preferred IDE and tools.Next >> Java Variables and Data TypesAuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

In this Java Class and Object tutorial, we will learn about the fundamentals of Java Programming. Java Class and Object are the base of Java. And we have tried to explain it in a simpler way. For your better understanding, we have also provided example Java programs for concepts of Java Classes and Object and Java Constructors.Classes and Objects are the fundamental building blocks of OOPS (Object Oriented Programming). A Java object is a physical and logical entity whereas a Java class is a logical entity.Table of Content1. What is a Java Class?Syntax of java ClassExplanation of example codeTypes Of Java Classes2. What is a Java Object?How to create Java Object?Example Code and it’s explanationWhat is the use of Java Objects?3. Write your first Java Program – “Hello World”4. What is Java Constructor?Non-Parameterized Constructor (Default)Parameterized Constructor1. What is a Java Class?Before creating an object in Java, you need to define a class. A class is a blueprint from which an object is created. We can think of a class as a sketch (prototype) of a house. It contains all the details about the floors, doors, windows, etc. Based on these descriptions we build the house. House is the object. Since many houses can be made from the same description, we can create many objects from a class. A class can have the following entities inside it:Fields (Variables)MethodsConstructorNested ClassInterfaceBlocksSyntax of a Java Class:public class Dog {

String breed;
int age;
String color;

public void barking() {
}

public void hungry() {
}

}Explanation of the example code:Variables like breed, age, and color are attributes or exhibits state.Whereas barking() and hungry() are methods that exhibit behavior.Let’s understand these concepts from an example:Class: AnimalObjects:DogCatCowNow, you can relate the definition that a Class is a template and an object is an instance of the class.Java Class and Object Video Tutorial1.1. Types of Classes in JavaIn Java, classes can be classified into various types based on their functionality, accessibility, and scope. Here are the main types of classes in Java:1. Concrete ClassA concrete class is a class that can be instantiated or can be used to create objects. It provides the implementation for all its methods and is fully defined. It can be used as a base class or a parent class for other classes. An example of a concrete class is the String class.javaCopy codepublic class Car {
private String make;
private String model;
private int year;

public Car(String make, String model, int year) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.year = year;
}

public String getMake() {
return make;
}

public String getModel() {
return model;
}

public int getYear() {
return year;
}
}In the above example, Car is a concrete class that can be instantiated and used to create objects.2. Abstract ClassAn abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated but can be used as a base class or parent class for other classes. It contains at least one abstract method that has no implementation and must be implemented in the subclass. Abstract classes are useful for creating a class hierarchy and for code reuse. An example of an abstract class is the AbstractList class.javaCopy codepublic abstract class Animal {
private String name;
private int age;

public Animal(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public abstract void makeSound();
}In the above example, Animal is an abstract class that cannot be instantiated, but can be used as a base class or parent class for other classes. It contains an abstract method makeSound() that must be implemented in the subclass.3. InterfaceAn interface is a collection of abstract methods and constants that define the behavior of a class. It can be implemented by a class, and a class can implement multiple interfaces. The methods declared in an interface are abstract by default and must be implemented by the implementing class. An example of an interface is the Serializable interface.javaCopy codepublic interface Drawable {
void draw();
}In the above example, Drawable is an interface that defines a single abstract method draw(). A class that implements this interface must provide an implementation for this method.4. Final ClassA final class is a class that cannot be subclassed. Once a class is declared final, it cannot be extended or modified. Final classes are useful for creating immutable classes or utility classes. An example of a final class is the Math class.javaCopy codepublic final class Constants {
public static final double PI = 3.14159265359;
public static final int MAX_VALUE = 100;

private Constants() {}
}In the above example, Constants is a final class that cannot be subclassed. It contains only static final fields and a private constructor. It is used to define constants that are used throughout the program.5. Static ClassA static class is a nested class that has only static methods and fields. It does not have any instance variables and methods. Static classes are used for grouping related methods and fields together. An example of a static class is the Arrays class.javaCopy codepublic class MathUtils {
public static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

public static int subtract(int a, int b) {
return a – b;
}

private MathUtils() {}
}The above example, MathUtils is a static class that contains only static methods. It is used to group related methods together.6. Inner ClassAn inner class is a class that is defined inside another class. It can be static or non-static. Inner classes can access the private members of the outer class and are useful for encapsulation and creating helper classes. An example of an inner class is the Entry class in the Map interface.javaCopy codepublic class Map {
private Entry[] entries;

public Map(int size) {
entries = new Entry[size];
}

public void put(String key, Object value) {
Entry entry = new Entry(key, value);
// add entry to the entries array
}

public Object get(String key) {
// find entry with matching key and return its value
}

private class Entry {
private String key;
private Object value;

public Entry(String key, Object value) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
}

public String getKey() {
return key;
}

public Object getValue() {
return value;
}
}
}In the above example, Map is a class that contains an inner class Entry. Entry can access the private members of Map and is useful for encapsulation and creating helper classes.7. Local ClassA local class is a class that is defined inside a block of code, such as a method or a loop. It is only accessible within that block of code and is useful for creating short-lived objects. An example of a local class is a class defined inside a loop that iterates over a collection.javaCopy codepublic class MyClass {
public void printNames(List<String> names) {
class NamePrinter {
public void print() {
for (String name : names) {
System.out.println(name);
}
}
}

NamePrinter printer = new NamePrinter();
printer.print();
}
}2. What is a Java Object?In Java, an object is an instance of a class. It is a fundamental unit of object-oriented programming and can be thought of as a combination of data and behavior that is defined by a class. Objects are created from classes and are used to interact with the program and other objects.Here’s an example to illustrate how objects work in Java:javaCopy codepublic class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}In the above code, we have a class called Person with two private instance variables name and age, along with their respective getter and setter methods.To create an object of this class, we use the new keyword followed by the class name and the constructor parameters:javaCopy codePerson person1 = new Person(“John”, 30);
This line of code creates a new Person object with the name “John” and age 30, and assigns it to the variable person1.We can access the object’s properties using the getter methods:javaCopy codeString name = person1.getName();
int age = person1.getAge();

System.out.println(name + ” is ” + age + ” years old.”);This will output: John is 30 years old.We can also modify the object’s properties using the setter methods:javaCopy codeperson1.setName(“Jane”);
person1.setAge(25);

System.out.println(person1.getName() + ” is now ” + person1.getAge() + ” years old.”);This will output: Jane is now 25 years old.In summary, an object in Java is an instance of a class that contains data and behavior defined by the class. They are created using the new keyword and can be used to interact with the program and other objects.2.1. Uses of Java ObjectsObjects in Java are used to represent real-world entities or concepts in a program. They allow developers to organize code into manageable units of data and behavior, making it easier to create and maintain complex applications. Here are some common uses of objects in Java:Modeling Real-World Entities: Objects can be used to model real-world entities in a program. For example, a Person object can be used to represent a real person, with properties like name, age, and address, and behaviors like walking, talking, and eating.Data Storage: Objects can store data and state within a program. This can be useful for storing complex data structures like trees or graphs, or for storing data that needs to be accessed from multiple parts of a program.Encapsulation: Objects can be used to encapsulate data and behavior, which means that the data is hidden from other parts of the program and can only be accessed through well-defined methods. This helps to prevent unintended changes to the data and improves program reliability and maintainability.Inheritance: Objects can be used to create inheritance hierarchies, where subclasses inherit properties and behavior from a superclass. This allows developers to reuse code and create more specialized objects.Polymorphism: Objects can be used to achieve polymorphism, which means that objects of different classes can be treated as if they are of the same type. This allows for a more flexible and dynamic program design, where objects can be created and manipulated at runtime.Modularity: Objects can be used to create modular code, where different parts of a program can be developed and tested independently. This allows for more efficient and collaborative development, as multiple developers can work on different objects at the same time.3. Write your First Java Program – Hello WorldIt’s always exciting to write your first program and execute it without error. In this post, you will learn to write your first Java program.Creating Hello World ProgramDeclare a class ‘MyFirstProgram’Declare the main method public static void main()And print a string “Hello World” using System.out.println()Hello World Program// Class
class MyFirstProgram {

// Main method
public static void main(String[] args) {

// Print Hello World
System.out.println(“Hello World”);
}

}2.1. Explanation of Java keywords used in the ‘Hello World’ Program:the class keyword is used to declare a class.Public is an access modifier that defines the main method’s accessibility. Public means the main method is global or accessible to all other classes in the project.static is a keyword in Java, when static is used with any method then it is called a static method. A static method can be called without creating the object of the class.main is the method name and also the execution point of any program. The main method is required to execute the program.String[] args is an array of strings that is basically for command line arguments.System.out.println() is used to print any statement. System is a classout is the object of PrintStream classprintln() is method of PrintStream classRun your First Java Program:To run this program, we need to compile the source code into bytecode and then execute it using the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Here are the steps to do that:Open a text editor and copy the above code into a new file called HelloWorld.java.Save the file to your local disk.Open a command prompt or terminal window and navigate to the directory where the HelloWorld.java the file is saved.Type the following command to compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java. This will generate a bytecode file called HelloWorld.class.Type the following command to execute the program: java HelloWorld. This will run the program and output the message “Hello, World!” to the console.If you are using Eclipse then you can run this program by just clicking the green play button displayed on the top bar. Or right-click anywhere in the class and click ‘Run as Java Program’.And that’s it! You’ve written and executed your first Java program. Congratulations!Output:Hello World4.  What is Java Constructor?In Java, a constructor is called a special method. It is used to create objects in Java. A constructor is called whenever we initialize an object. Some special features of Java Constructor:It has the same name as that of a class.It does not have any return type.Its syntax is similar to the method.A Java constructor cannot be static, final, or abstract.A class always has a default constructor whether you have declared it or not. But if you define a custom constructor then the default constructor is no longer in use.Java Constructor Video Tutorial4.1. Types of Constructors in Java:Non-Parameterized Constructor (Default Constructor)Parameterized Constructor4.1.1. Non-Parameterized ConstructorAs the name suggests, this constructor doesn’t have any parameter in its signature.Syntax for Default Constructor:public class MyClass{

// Creating a default constructor
MyClass(){
System.out.println(“Object created”);
}

// Main method
public static void main(String args[]){
//Calling a default constructor or Creating an object of MyClass
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
}
} Explanation of example code:We have created a default constructor “My Class”, which will print “Object created” whenever we create an object.In the main method, we are calling the constructor to initialize our object named “obj”.Output:Object Created4.1.2. Parameterized ConstructorIt’s a constructor which accepts parameters. It can have one or more parameters. It is used to provide different values to different objects.Syntax for Parameterized Constructor:public class MyClass {

// Declare variable
int num;

// Parameterized Constructor
public MyClass(int y) {
num = y;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Call the parameterized constructor and pass parameter 5
MyClass myObj = new MyClass(5);
// Print num
System.out.println(myObj.num);
} }Explanation of the example code:We declared a variable num.Declared a parameterized constructor with parameter int y.Inside the constructor, we are initializing the num’s value to y.In the main method, we are calling the parameterized constructor and passing the value 5 to y. It will initialize num to 5 inside the parameterized constructor.Now the value of the num is set to 5 and it’ll print 5.Output:5Popular Tutorials on Techlistic:Software Testing – A Complete GuideAppium Tutorial – Mobile AutomationJava Tutorial – Core Java Concepts for BeginnersSelenium with Java – Web AutomationRest API Testing with PostmanPerformance Testing with JMeterRobot FrameworkJava Modifiers and Operators << Previous  |  Next >>  Java MethodsAuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

1. What are Modules in Python?In Python, a module is a file containing Python code. It can be a Python file (with .py extension) or a compiled Python file (with .pyc extension). It contains functions, classes, and variables that can be used by other Python programs.Modules help us to organize our code into separate files, which can be used in other programs, making our code more reusable.Table of ContentsModules- What are modules?- Creating and importing modules- Importing specific functions or variables from a moduleStandard Library Modules- Commonly used modules (e.g. math, random, os, sys)- Overview of their functions and capabilitiesPackages- What are packages?- Creating and importing packagesCustom Modules and Packages- Writing your own modules and packages- Organizing code into reusable components1.1. Creating a ModuleTo create a module, we simply need to create a Python file with .py extension and add our functions, classes, and variables in it.Example: create a module named my_module.py with a function greet(name).pythonCopy code# my_module.py

def greet(name):
print(f”Hello, {name}!”)1.2. Importing a Module:We can import a module in our Python code using the import keyword. Once imported, we can use the functions, classes, and variables defined in that module.Example: Importing my_module and using its greet() function in our code.pythonCopy codeimport my_module

my_module.greet(“Alice”) # Output: Hello, Alice!1.3. Importing specific functions or variables from a Module:We can also import specific functions or variables from a module, instead of importing the whole module.Example: Importing only greet() function from my_module.pythonCopy codefrom my_module import greet

greet(“Bob”) # Output: Hello, Bob!We can also import multiple functions or variables from a module by separating them with commas.Example: Importing both greet() and name variables from my_module.pythonCopy codefrom my_module import greet, name

greet(name) # Output: Hello, Alice!1.4. Renaming a Module:We can rename a module while importing it using the as keyword.Example: Importing my_module as m.pythonCopy codeimport my_module as m

m.greet(“Charlie”) # Output: Hello, Charlie!2. Standard Library ModulesPython’s standard library provides a large set of modules that can be used to add various functionalities to your Python programs. These modules are pre-installed with Python, and can be easily imported into your code. In this tutorial, we will cover some of the most commonly used standard library modules and their functions.2.1. Math moduleThe math module provides a set of mathematical operations and constants. Here are some commonly used functions in the math module:1. math.ceil(x): Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.2. math.floor(x): Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x.3. math.sqrt(x): Returns the square root of x.4. math.pow(x, y): Returns x raised to the power of y.5. math.sin(x): Returns the sine of x in radians.6. math.cos(x): Returns the cosine of x in radians.7. math.tan(x): Returns the tangent of x in radians.8. math.pi: The mathematical constant pi.Here’s an example of how to use the math module:pythonCopy codeimport math

x = 3.7
print(math.ceil(x)) # Output: 4
print(math.floor(x)) # Output: 3
print(math.sqrt(x)) # Output: 1.9235384061671346
print(math.pi) # Output: 3.1415926535897932.2. Random moduleThe random module provides functions for generating random numbers. Here are some commonly used functions in the random module:1. random.random(): Returns a random float between 0 and 1.2. random.randint(a, b): Returns a random integer between a and b, inclusive.3. random.choice(seq): Returns a random element from seq.4. random.shuffle(seq): Shuffles the elements of seq in place.5. random.sample(seq, k): Returns k unique elements from seq without replacement.Here’s an example of how to use the random module:pythonCopy codeimport random

print(random.random()) # Output: 0.9560342718897579
print(random.randint(1, 10)) # Output: 7
print(random.choice([‘apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’])) # Output: banana
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
random.shuffle(my_list)
print(my_list) # Output: [5, 3, 2, 4, 1]
print(random.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3)) # Output: [3, 2, 4]2.3. OS moduleThe os module provides a way to work with the operating system. It allows you to interact with the file system, environment variables, and other operating system features.Here are some common functions and constants provided by the os module:Functions1. os.getcwd(): returns the current working directory2. os.chdir(path): changes the current working directory to the specified path3. os.listdir(path): returns a list of all files and directories in the specified path4. os.mkdir(path): creates a new directory at the specified path5. os.rmdir(path): removes the directory at the specified path6. os.remove(path): removes the file at the specified path7. os.rename(src, dst): renames a file or directory from src to dstConstants1. os.sep: the separator used by the operating system for file paths (e.g. “/” on Unix-like systems, “” on Windows)2. os.linesep: the line separator used by the operating system (e.g. “n” on Unix-like systems, “rn” on Windows)3. os.name: the name of the operating system (e.g. “posix” on Unix-like systems, “nt” on Windows)Here’s an example of how to use the os module:pythonCopy codeimport os

# get the current working directory
cwd = os.getcwd()
print(“Current working directory:”, cwd)

# change the current working directory
os.chdir(“/path/to/new/directory”)

# list all files and directories in the current directory
files = os.listdir()
print(“Files in current directory:”, files)

# create a new directory
os.mkdir(“new_directory”)

# rename a file
os.rename(“old_name.txt”, “new_name.txt”)

# remove a file
os.remove(“file_to_remove.txt”)2.4. The sys ModuleThe sys module provides access to some variables and functions that interact with the Python interpreter. It allows you to do things like exit the program or get information about the version of Python being used.Here are some common variables and functions provided by the sys module:Variables1. sys.argv: a list containing the command-line arguments passed to the program2. sys.path: a list of directories that Python searches for modules3. sys.version: a string containing the version of Python being used4. sys.platform: a string containing the name of the platform (e.g. “linux”, “win32”, “darwin”)Functions1. sys.exit([arg]): exits the program with an optional exit code2. sys.getsizeof(object): returns the size of the object in bytes3. sys.getdefaultencoding(): returns the default string encoding used by the systemHere’s an example of how to use the sys module:pythonCopy codeimport sys

# print the command-line arguments passed to the program
print(“Command-line arguments:”, sys.argv)

# print the directories that Python searches for modules
print(“Module search path:”, sys.path)

# print the version of Python being used
print(“Python version:”, sys.version)

# exit the program with an exit code of 0
sys.exit(0)3. What are packages in Python?In Python, a package is a way to organize related modules into a single directory hierarchy. It provides a structured approach to organizing code, making it easier to manage and reuse.A package is essentially a directory that contains one or more Python module files, along with an optional __init__.py file. The __init__.py file is used to mark the directory as a package and can also contain the initialization code that is executed when the package is imported.Packages help in organizing code into logical units and provide a means to encapsulate related functionality. They allow for better code reusability and maintainability by providing a hierarchical structure for organizing modules.Packages also enable the use of namespaces, which helps avoid naming conflicts between modules. By grouping modules within a package, you can provide a unique namespace for each module, making it easier to identify and access specific functionality.3.1. Creating and Importing Packages:To create a package, follow these steps:Create a new directory with a valid Python identifier as the package name.Within the package directory, create Python module files (.py) to define the functionality.Include an __init__.py file in the package directory to make it a package.Example:
Suppose you want to create a package named mypackage. You would follow this structure:markdownCopy codemypackage/
├── __init__.py
├── module1.py
└── module2.pyTo import the package and access its modules, you can use:pythonCopy codeimport mypackage.module1
import mypackage.module24. Custom Modules and Packages:Custom modules are Python files that contain functions, classes, or variables. They can be created within a package to provide specific functionality. These modules can be imported and used within the package or by other modules outside the package.Example:
Suppose you have a package mypackage with two modules, module1.py and module2.py. module1.py contains a function function1() and module2.py contains a class Class2(). You can use them as follows:pythonCopy codeimport mypackage.module1
from mypackage.module2 import Class2

mypackage.module1.function1()
obj = Class2()4.1. Writing Your Own Modules and Packages:To create a custom module, write a Python file (.py) with the desired functionality.Modules can contain functions, classes, variables, or other definitions.To create a package, organize related modules within a directory hierarchy.The package directory should include an __init__.py file to mark it as a package.Custom modules and packages allow you to encapsulate and organize code in a modular and reusable manner.4.2. Organizing Code into Reusable Components:Packages and custom modules provide a structured approach to organizing code into logical units.By dividing your code into modules, you can isolate specific functionality and promote code reuse.Packages allow for further organization by grouping related modules together.This modular approach makes it easier to manage and maintain your codebase.It also enables collaboration, as different developers can work on separate modules or packages simultaneously.ConclusionBy writing your own modules and organizing them into packages, you can create modular and reusable components that promote code organization, reusability, and maintainability. This allows you to build scalable and well-structured Python projects.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately working as an Automation Developer for more than a decade.

 This page contains the list of Selenium Program exercises for automation practice. Your skills will definitely get a boost after solving these Selenium Practice Assignments. In these assignments, you will find the Sample Applications for Automation Testing.These Practice Assignments are designed in such a way that learners can enhance their automation skills. They also include multiple Sample Test Cases for Selenium along with step-by-step description which needs to be automated. Reference links to Selenium WebDriver Commands for solutions are provided in the assignments.10 Best Selenium Practice Exercises for Automation PracticeAutomate Amazon-like e-Comm Website with Selenium WebDriverIn this self-learning project assignment, we’ll automate all the major e-commerce website features with Selenium and Java. We’ll automate Sign-up and login, search products, and purchase products for Amazon an e-commerce website.Automate GoDaddy.com Website features with Selenium WebDriverAutomate Browser actions on GoDaddy.com and Menu Links of Amazon.com. And Validate Page Titles to verify that when clicking on menu links then users are landing on the correct pages.Find Broken Links with Selenium on a WebpageThis assignment explains how one can get all the links on a webpage or website and verify that which links are broken or not working using Selenium. It includes the coding logic to fetch all the web links present on a webpage and then iterate over those links.Automate Search the keyword “Selenium” in the pypi.org search boxIn this self-learning assignment, we’ll automate the search bar on the pypi.org website with Selenium Python. We’ll search the keyword “Selenium”.Automate Demo Practice Form using Selenium WebDdriverAutomate all the web form elements which are mostly present on a web page like, text buttons, radio boxes, checkboxes, date pickers, select boxes, upload file buttons, and download links. This would help you test your Selenium basic commands knowledge.Automate Google.com with Selenium WebDriverAutomate Google search using the explicit wait command of Selenium WebDriver. This is somewhat advance level code where we’ll handle Ajax calls using Selenium.Automate User Registration and login of an Amazon-like e-Comm Website with SeleniumAutomate User Registration for an e-commerce website using Selenium WebDriver. This assignment covers both negative and positive test cases and also contains an automation code for user registration.Automate Techlistic Demo Sign-up form with Selenium PythonIn this self-learning assignment, we’ll automate  Techlistic Automation Practice Form. In this form, we’ll automate every form element like., the text box, radio button, select box, check box, button, etc.Automate Upload or Download a file with Robot Class SeleniumAutomate Upload or Download a file with Selenium. As we know, Selenium can’t interact with window dialogs. But in this post, we’ll learn how to handle window dialogs inside Selenium test scripts.Automate a Dummy e-Comm Website with Selenium PythonIn this self-learning assignment, we’ll automate an e-Commerce with Selenium Python. We’ll automate the login, search product, add to cart and checkout flows.Automate the “Buy Product” Functionality of the E-Commerce Website using SeleniumAutomate Buy Product functionality for an e-Commerce website using Selenium. This assignment, it is explained how to automate the complete end-to-end flow of purchasing a product. This is an advanced-level selenium assignment. It’ll cover most of the basic and advanced Selenium commands.Automate Handling of Multiple Browser Tabs with Selenium WebDriverThis assignment describes to automate the handling of two browser tabs Google and Gmail in a single Selenium script with some code tricks. We’ll use action class commands to automate this assignment.Read Data from Web Table with Selenium WebDriverIn this assignment, you’ll learn to handle web tables with Selenium. It’s quite a tricky task to automate web tables as there are no direct commands in Selenium for this. But this assignment will teach you the tricks to read table data.Automate Dynamic Web Table with Selenium WebDriverWe already know handling a web table is already a tricky thing in Selenium. But handling dynamic web tables is more tricky. This assignment, it’s thoroughly explained how one can automate dynamic web tables by creating dynamic XPATHS at runtime.Popular Tutorials:Java TutorialSelenium with JavaSelenium with PythonSelenium with TestNGSelenium IDE (No Coding Required)Rest API Testing with PostmanPerformance Testing with JMeterMobile Testing with Emulator

 9. Real-World Examples and Demo Scripts in Selenium AutomationWe will provide real-world examples and case studies to showcase the application of these best practices in practical scenarios. This will help you understand the implementation of these techniques in real automation projects.9.1. Launch Selenium Practice Form ScriptThis demo script will open the Chrome browser and open the selenium.dev website.from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome(“chromedriver.exe”)
browser.get(‘https://www.techlistic.com/p/selenium-practice-form.html’)9.2. Search the keyword “Selenium” in the pypi.org search boxIn this script, we’ll launch Chrome browser, open pypi.org, and then type “”Selenium” in the search bar and will click enter.from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

# Launch Chrome browser
browser = webdriver.Chrome(“chromedriver.exe”)
# Open pypi.org
browser.get(‘https://pypi.org/project/selenium/’)

# Maximize Browser Window
browser.maximize_window()

# Set wait time of 30 secs
browser.implicitly_wait(30)

# Type “Selenium” in search bar
browser.find_element(By.ID, ‘search’).send_keys(“Selenium”)
# Click Enter
browser.find_element(By.ID, ‘search’).send_keys(Keys.RETURN)9.3. Automate Techlistic Demo Sign-up formIn this demo script, we have automated Techlistic.com’s demo sign-up form using all the Selenium Webdriver commands. And in this script, unittest framework has been used. The setUp and tearDown methods are part of unittest framework in Python. The setUp method executes before the test method and the tearDown method executes after the test method.import time
import unittest

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# Variables
driver_path=’chromedriver.exe’
navigate_url = “https://www.techlistic.com/p/selenium-practice-form.html”

class DemoqaTesting(unittest.TestCase):

def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(driver_path)
self.driver.maximize_window()
self.driver.get(navigate_url)
self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)

def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()

def test_automate_form(self):
# Enter First Name
first_name = self.driver.find_element(By.NAME,’firstname’)
first_name.send_keys(‘Jassi’)

# Enter Last Name
last_name = self.driver.find_element(By.NAME,’lastname’)
last_name.send_keys(‘Maurya’)

# Click on Gender Radio button
gender = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, ‘sex-1′)
print(gender.is_selected())
gender.click()

# Enter DOB
dob = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,’datepicker’)
dob.clear()
dob.send_keys(’19 Mar 1990′)

# Select Profession checkbox
profession = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,’profession-1′)
profession.click()

# Select Automation tool checkbox
automation_tool = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,’tool-2′)
automation_tool.click()

# Click Submit button
submit_button = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,’submit’)
submit_button.click()

time.sleep(5)

if __name__==’__main__’:
unittest.main()9.4. Automate Example Scenarios for Dummy e-Comm Website Functionalities:To illustrate the automation of common web application functionalities, let’s consider the following scenarios:Scenario 1: LoginNavigate to the login pageFill in the required fields with valid dataSubmit the login formVerify the successful login message or the user’s profile pageScenario 2: Search FunctionalityOpen the home pageEnter a search query in the search fieldClick on the search buttonVerify that the search results are displayed correctlyScenario 3: Adding Items to CartBrowse to a product category pageSelect a specific productAdd the product to the cartVerify that the item appears in the cartScenario 4: Complete and Verify CheckoutBrowse to a product category pageSelect a specific productAdd the product to the cartVerify that the item appears in the cartContinue Checkout and enter checkout details.Click the Complete Checkout button.Verify Successful Checkout Button.Here’s the code that includes the checkout process after adding an item to the cart:pythonCopy codefrom selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

# Set up the driver
driver = webdriver.Chrome() # Change this to the appropriate web driver if needed
driver.maximize_window()

# Navigate to the login page
driver.get(“https://www.saucedemo.com/”)

# Perform login
username = “standard_user”
password = “secret_sauce”

username_field = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, “user-name”))
)
username_field.send_keys(username)

password_field = driver.find_element(By.ID, “password”)
password_field.send_keys(password)

login_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, “login-button”)
login_button.click()

# Verify successful login
inventory_page_title = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.title_contains(“Swag Labs”)
)

if “Swag Labs” in driver.title:
print(“Login successful!”)
else:
print(“Login failed.”)

# Perform search functionality
search_field = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, “search-box”))
)
search_field.send_keys(“backpack”)

search_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, “search-button”)
search_button.click()

# Verify search results
search_results = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, “//div[@class=’inventory_item_name’]”)
if len(search_results) > 0:
print(“Search results found.”)
else:
print(“No search results found.”)

# Add item to cart
add_to_cart_button = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, “//button[text()=’Add to cart’]”)
add_to_cart_button.click()

# Verify item added to cart
cart_badge = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, “//span[@class=’shopping_cart_badge’]”))
)
cart_items_count = int(cart_badge.text)

if cart_items_count > 0:
print(f”Item added to cart. Cart count: {cart_items_count}”)
else:
print(“Item not added to cart.”)

# Close the browser
driver.quit()Let’s break down the code step-by-step:

1. Importing the necessary modules:
from selenium import webdriver: Importing the Selenium WebDriver module, which provides the necessary tools for browser automation.from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By: Importing the By class, which is used to locate web elements by different strategies such as ID, class name, XPath, etc.from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait: Importing the WebDriverWait class, which provides explicit wait functionality to wait for certain conditions to be met before proceeding with the code execution.from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC: Importing the expected_conditions module from Selenium’s support package, which provides various conditions to be used with WebDriverWait.2. Setting up the driver:
driver = webdriver.Chrome(): Creating an instance of the Chrome WebDriver. This sets up the Chrome browser for automation. You can change the web driver to the appropriate one based on your browser choice.
driver.maximize_window(): Maximizing the browser window to ensure the content is fully visible.
3. Navigating to the login page:

driver.get(“https://www.saucedemo.com/”): Opening the specified URL in the browser.
4. Performing login:
Providing the login credentials by finding the username and password fields using WebDriverWait and locating the elements by their IDs.username_field.send_keys(username): Entering the value of the username variable into the username field.password_field.send_keys(password): Entering the value of the password variable into the password field.login_button.click(): Click the login button to submit the form.5. Verifying successful login:
Using WebDriverWait to wait for the title of the page to contain “Swag Labs” (the expected title after successful login).Checking if the page title contains “Swag Labs” to determine if the login was successful.6. Performing search functionality:
Finding the search field using WebDriverWait and locating the element by its ID.
Entering the search keyword “backpack” into the search field.Finding the search button and clicking it to initiate the search.7. Verifying search results:
Using WebDriverWait to wait for the presence of search results.Checking if the search results are found by verifying if the length of the search results is greater than zero.
8. Adding an item to the cart:
Finding the “Add to cart” button using an XPath expression and clicking it.
9. Verifying item added to cart:
Using WebDriverWait to wait for the visibility of the cart badge (indicating the number of items in the cart).Retrieving the text from the cart badge and converting it to an integer.Checking if the cart items count is greater than zero to confirm that the item was added to the cart.
10. Closing the browser:
driver.quit(): Quitting the browser and ending the WebDriver session.This code demonstrates a typical Selenium automation workflow for logging in, performing a search, adding an item to the cart, and verifying the results. You can modify and expand upon this code to suit your specific needs.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately working as an Automation Developer for more than a decade.

 What is Software Testing?Software testing is a crucial process in software development that ensures that software is free from defects, meets user requirements, and performs as expected. In today’s fast-paced world, software testing has become even more important because of the growing demand for high-quality software that is delivered on time and within budget. In this blog, we’ll explore the various types of software testing, the software testing process, the benefits of software testing, common tools and techniques used in software testing, and steps to learn software testing.Why Software Testing is important?Testing helps identify bugs and errors in software before it is released to users. It is a critical step in the development process, ensuring that the software meets the requirements and functions as intended. Additionally, testing helps prevent downtime and ensures that users have a positive experience with the software.Table of Contents1. STLC Software Life Cycles & Process Testing ModelsAgileWaterfall2. Types of Testing Functional TestingPerformance TestingSecurity TestingCompatibility TestingUsability Testing3. Testing LevelsUnit TestingSmoke TestingSanity TestingIntegration TestingSystem TestingRegression TestingAcceptance TestingAlpha TestingBeta TestingEnd-to-End Testing4. Testing MethodsBlack Box TestingWhitebox TestingGray Box TestingExploratory TestingAd-hoc Testing5. Testing Techniques Boundary Value AnalysisEquivalence PartitioningDecision TableUse Case TestingError GuessingState Transition6. Testing Tools -Test Automation ToolsTest Management ToolsJiraTestlink7. Test Artifacts/DocumentsTest StrategyTest PlanTest EstimationTest ScenarioTest CasesRequirements Traceability MatrixTest CoverageTest Data ManagementTest Report8. Defect Management Bug Life CycleBug ReportingDefect Priority & SeverityBugzilla (Bug Reporting tool)9. Some Other Advanced Testing Articles A Complete Guide to Web TestingMobile App Testing with Emulators10. Testing Keywords1. STLC – Software Testing Life CycleThe Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a systematic process that is followed during the software testing process. The STLC process includes a series of steps that ensure that software is thoroughly tested before it is released to users. The STLC process typically includes the following stages:Test Planning: The first stage of the software testing process is test planning. During this stage, the testing team identifies the scope and objectives of testing, defines the testing strategy, and creates a test plan. The test plan outlines the testing approach, test environment, testing resources, testing schedule, and testing deliverables.Test Design: The second stage of the software testing process is test design. During this stage, the testing team creates test cases and scenarios, defines test data, and prepares test environments. Test cases are created based on the software requirements and specifications. Test data is prepared to ensure that the software is tested under various scenarios and conditions. The testing team also sets up the testing environment to replicate the production environment as closely as possible.Test Execution: The third stage of the software testing process is test execution. During this stage, the testing team executes test cases and scenarios, records test results, and identifies defects or issues. The testing team executes the test cases and scenarios based on the test plan. The results of each test are recorded, and any defects or issues are identified and logged. The testing team also verifies that the software meets the specified requirements and is of high quality.Test Reporting: The fourth stage of the software testing process is test reporting. During this stage, the testing team analyzes test results, creates reports, and communicates the findings to stakeholders. The testing team analyzes the test results and creates reports that provide insights into the quality of the software. The reports include details about the testing process, test results, identified defects or issues, and recommendations for improvement. The testing team also communicates the findings to stakeholders, including developers, project managers, and business owners.Test Closure: The fifth and final stage of the software testing process is test closure. During this stage, the testing team evaluates the effectiveness of the testing process and prepares for future testing. The testing team evaluates the test results, identifies areas for improvement, and prepares a test closure report. The test closure report summarizes the testing process, test results, and any identified defects or issues. The testing team also prepares for future testing by creating a knowledge base, updating test cases and scenarios, and improving the testing process.1.1. Software Testing ModelsThere are many Testing models but we’ll learn about following two, Waterfall and Agile.1. Waterfall ModelThe waterfall model is a sequential and linear approach to software development, where each phase is completed before moving on to the next one. The testing process in the waterfall model is conducted in a specific order that is predetermined during the planning phase. In this model, testing is conducted after the development phase is completed.Stages in the Waterfall testing model:Requirements Analysis: In this phase, the requirements for the software are gathered and analyzed by the development team.Design: In this phase, the design of the software is created. The architecture of the system is designed, and the components of the system are identified.Implementation: In this phase, the software is developed according to the design specification.Testing: In this phase, the software is tested for bugs and defects. The testing process is conducted after the development phase is completed.Deployment: In this phase, the software is deployed into the production environment.Maintenance: In this phase, the software is maintained, and bug fixes and updates are made as needed.Advantages of Waterfall Testing Model:Simple and easy to understand.Each phase is completed before moving on to the next one, which ensures that each phase is completed accurately and completely.Testing is conducted after the development phase, which ensures that the software is thoroughly tested.Disadvantages of Waterfall Testing Model:It is inflexible, and changes in requirements cannot be easily accommodated.It is a slow process, and it takes a long time to complete each phase.It is difficult to test the software thoroughly in a short amount of time, which can result in bugs and defects being missed.There is little communication between the development team and the testing team, which can lead to misunderstandings and errors.It is difficult to determine the exact time and cost of the project, which can lead to cost overruns and delays.The model does not account for iterative development, which can result in problems being discovered late in the development cycle.2. Agile ModelAgile testing is a software testing approach that is based on the principles of agile software development. It involves a collaborative approach between the development and testing teams, where testing is integrated throughout the entire software development lifecycle (SDLC) rather than being performed at the end of the development phase.Agile testing focuses on delivering high-quality software products that meet the customer’s requirements and expectations by leveraging iterative and incremental development practices. It involves the following key principles:Continuous Integration: Agile testing involves continuous integration of testing activities throughout the development lifecycle to ensure that the developed software meets the desired quality standards.Collaborative Approach: Agile testing involves close collaboration between the development and testing teams, where testing is integrated throughout the development cycle.Early and Frequent Feedback: Agile testing emphasizes early and frequent feedback to enable the teams to identify and resolve defects as early as possible in the development cycle.Test-Driven Development: Agile testing involves test-driven development (TDD), where tests are written before the code is developed. This helps in identifying defects early in the development cycle and ensures that the software meets the desired quality standards.Automated Testing: Agile testing involves the use of automated testing tools to speed up the testing process and ensure that the software meets the desired quality standards.Agile testing can be performed using various testing techniques, such as unit testing, integration testing, acceptance testing, exploratory testing, etc. The testing techniques used depend on the specific requirements of the software development project.One of the key benefits of agile testing is that it helps in delivering high-quality software products that meet the customer’s requirements and expectations. Agile testing also helps in reducing the time-to-market and the overall cost of software development by identifying and resolving defects early in the development cycle.However, agile testing also has its challenges. For example, it can be difficult to ensure that all the testing activities are integrated throughout the development cycle, and it can also be challenging to ensure that the testing activities are automated and efficient.Advantages of Agile Testing Model:Flexibility: Agile methodology is highly flexible, allowing changes to be made to the software development process even in the later stages of the project, making it more adaptable to changing requirements.Customer satisfaction: The Agile approach allows for continuous feedback and involvement from the customer, leading to a higher level of customer satisfaction.Faster delivery: Agile methodology follows an iterative approach, with each iteration or sprint delivering a working software product, which ensures faster delivery of the final product.Increased collaboration: Agile methodology fosters increased collaboration between team members, which leads to a better understanding of the requirements and improved communication.Early detection of defects: Continuous testing and integration during the development process ensures early detection of defects, which can be fixed early on in the process.Disadvantages of Agile Testing Model:Lack of documentation: Agile methodology relies heavily on face-to-face communication and collaboration, which can result in a lack of documentation, making it difficult to maintain the software in the future.Uncertainty: Agile methodology is highly flexible and adaptive, which can lead to uncertainty and unpredictability in terms of the final product.Requires skilled resources: The Agile methodology requires highly skilled resources, including developers, testers, and project managers, to work together efficiently and effectively.Lack of predictability: Agile methodology relies on an iterative approach, with each iteration delivering a working software product. However, this can make it difficult to predict the final product and the timeline for its delivery.Not suitable for all projects: Agile methodology is not suitable for all types of projects, especially those with rigid requirements, large teams, or long timelines.
2. Software Testing TypesThere are several types of software testing that are performed during the software development lifecycle. Let’s take a look at some of the most common types of software testing:2.1. Functional TestingFunctional testing is a type of software testing that evaluates the software’s functionality and features to ensure that it works as expected and meets the business requirements. In this type of testing, the software is tested against a set of requirements and specifications to validate whether it performs the intended functions correctly.Functional testing is a crucial part of the software development life cycle and ensures that the software is free from bugs, errors, and other issues. This testing is performed to ensure that the software meets the user’s requirements and expectations and is capable of performing the desired functions.Here is an example to illustrate functional testing:Suppose a software company has developed an e-commerce website where users can buy and sell products. The website has several features, such as creating an account, searching for products, adding items to the cart, and making payments.In functional testing, the testers would test each of these features to ensure that they work as intended. For example, when testing the account creation feature, the tester would verify that the user can create an account successfully and that the account is saved in the system. Additionally, the tester would check that the user receives a confirmation email and that they can log in with the newly created credentials.Similarly, when testing the search functionality, the tester would verify that the search results are accurate and that the search filters work as intended. The tester would also check that the search results are displayed in a user-friendly manner.When testing the cart and payment features, the tester would verify that the user can add items to the cart, update the cart, and proceed to checkout. The tester would also check that the payment gateway is secure and that the user’s payment information is saved correctly.Functional testing can be performed manually or through automated testing tools. Manual testing involves testers manually executing test cases and verifying the results, whereas automated testing uses software to perform tests automatically.When to choose functional testing:Functional testing should be performed when developing new software or making changes to existing software. It should also be performed when adding new features or functionality to the software.Pros of functional testing:Ensures that the software performs the desired functionsHelps identify bugs and errors early in the development processImproves software quality and user satisfactionHelps prevent defects and issues from reaching the end-usersIncreases the reliability and stability of the softwareCons of functional testing:Can be time-consuming and expensive, especially when performed manuallyCannot guarantee 100% bug-free softwareRequires a skilled testing team to develop and execute effective test cases2.2. Performance TestingPerformance testing is a type of software testing that is performed to determine how well a system or application performs under different workloads. It measures the responsiveness, speed, stability, scalability, and resource usage of an application or system. The primary objective of performance testing is to identify and eliminate performance bottlenecks that could impact the user experience.Performance testing is done in a controlled environment, simulating the expected workload and user behavior. The testing process involves creating a variety of test scenarios, simulating different types of user behavior, and measuring how the application responds. The results of performance testing are analyzed to determine the performance characteristics of the application, identify bottlenecks, and determine the application’s capacity to handle user loads.Examples of performance testing include load testing, stress testing, and soak testing.1. Load testing involves simulating a specific number of concurrent users, and measuring the application’s response time and resource utilization. The goal is to identify the maximum capacity of the application and ensure it can handle the expected user load.2. Stress testing involves pushing the application beyond its expected limits to determine how it performs under extreme conditions. This is done by increasing the number of concurrent users, or by simulating a heavy workload. The goal is to identify the point at which the application fails or begins to slow down and to identify any performance bottlenecks.3. Soak testing involves running the application under normal conditions for an extended period of time to determine how it performs over time. This is done by running the application for several hours or days while monitoring its response time and resource usage. The goal is to identify any memory leaks or performance degradation that could occur over time.Performance testing is important because it helps to ensure that an application can handle the expected user load and provide a good user experience. It also helps to identify any performance issues before the application is released to the public, which can save time and money in the long run.Tools to Perform Performance Testing:JMeter: JMeter is an open-source Java-based tool used for load testing, performance testing, and functional testing. It is highly scalable and can simulate thousands of users concurrently. JMeter supports various protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SOAP, REST, and others.LoadRunner: LoadRunner is a performance testing tool developed by Micro Focus. It supports various protocols such as HTTP, SOAP, Ajax, and others. LoadRunner can simulate thousands of users concurrently and provide detailed analysis and reports.Gatling: Gatling is an open-source tool developed in Scala language. It is used for load testing, stress testing, and performance testing. Gatling is highly scalable and can simulate thousands of users concurrently.Apache Bench: Apache Bench is a command-line tool used for load-testing web servers. It is an open-source tool and is available for free. Apache Bench can simulate multiple concurrent requests and provide detailed analysis and reports.NeoLoad: NeoLoad is a performance testing tool developed by Neotys. It is a cloud-based tool that can simulate thousands of users concurrently. NeoLoad supports various protocols such as HTTP, SOAP, and others.Pros of performance testing:Identifies performance bottlenecks before the application is releasedHelps to ensure that the application can handle the expected user loadImproves the user experience by identifying and eliminating performance issuesCan save time and money by identifying performance issues early in the development cycleCons of performance testing:Can be time-consuming and expensive to set up and runRequires specialized tools and expertiseMay not always accurately simulate real-world user behaviorMay not identify all performance issues, especially those that occur under specific conditions or configurations.2.3. Security TestingSecurity testing is a type of software testing that is performed to identify any vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the system that could potentially compromise its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It is important to ensure that the software system is secure and meets the security requirements before releasing it to production.There are various types of security testing that can be performed on a software system, such as:Vulnerability scanning: This involves using automated tools to scan the system for known vulnerabilities and security weaknesses.Penetration testing: This involves attempting to exploit vulnerabilities in the system by simulating a real-world attack.Security auditing: This involves reviewing the system’s security policies and procedures to ensure they are adequate and effective.Risk assessment: This involves evaluating the potential risks and threats to the system and developing strategies to mitigate them.Security code review: This involves reviewing the system’s source code to identify any security flaws and vulnerabilities.Let’s take a detailed look at one of the types of security testing – penetration testing – and see how it is performed and what are its benefits.Penetration testing, also known as pen testing, is a method of evaluating the security of a software system by simulating an attack on it. The objective of this testing is to identify any vulnerabilities that could be exploited by an attacker and to test the effectiveness of the system’s security controls. Penetration testing can be performed manually or using automated tools.The process of penetration testing typically involves the following steps:Planning and reconnaissance: This involves gathering information about the system to be tested, such as its architecture, network topology, and security controls.Scanning: This involves using automated tools to scan the system for vulnerabilities and weaknesses.Gaining access: This involves attempting to exploit the vulnerabilities identified in the previous step to gain unauthorized access to the system.Maintaining access: This involves maintaining unauthorized access to the system to test the system’s ability to detect and respond to the attack.Analysis and reporting: This involves analyzing the results of the penetration testing and preparing a report that outlines the vulnerabilities and weaknesses identified, along with recommendations for remediation.Penetration testing has several benefits, such as:Identifying vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the system before they can be exploited by attackers.Testing the effectiveness of the system’s security controls and policies.Providing a comprehensive report that outlines the vulnerabilities and weaknesses identified, along with recommendations for remediation.Helping organizations to comply with regulatory requirements and industry standards.Reducing the risk of data breaches and cyber-attacks.Various tools are available for performing penetration testing, such as:Metasploit: A widely used open-source tool that provides a comprehensive framework for penetration testing.Nmap: A network exploration and security auditing tool that can be used to identify hosts and services on a network.Burp Suite: An integrated platform for performing security testing of web applications.Acunetix: A web vulnerability scanner that can be used to identify vulnerabilities in web applications.Nessus: A vulnerability scanner that can be used to scan networks for vulnerabilities and security weaknesses.2.4. Compatibility TestingCompatibility testing is a type of non-functional testing that evaluates the software application’s compatibility with different hardware, operating systems, databases, web browsers, and network environments. It ensures that the software can operate seamlessly across different platforms and devices without any issues or bugs.Compatibility testing is crucial for ensuring that the software application performs consistently and effectively across various environments, and it is a crucial aspect of software quality assurance.Here’s an example of how compatibility testing works:Suppose a software application has been developed to run on the latest version of Windows 10. The software runs flawlessly on this platform, and the developers assume that it will work just as well on older versions of Windows or other operating systems. However, when the software is installed on a computer running Windows 7 or a Mac OS, it crashes or exhibits other unexpected behavior.This issue can be resolved by performing compatibility testing. The testing team will install the software on different operating systems, hardware, and network configurations to identify any incompatibilities or errors. The testing team will ensure that the software application is compatible with all the required operating systems, hardware, and network configurations.There are different types of compatibility testing, including:Operating System Compatibility Testing: This type of testing ensures that the software application is compatible with different versions of the operating system, such as Windows, Linux, macOS, and Android.Browser Compatibility Testing: This type of testing ensures that the software application is compatible with different web browsers, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.Database Compatibility Testing: This type of testing ensures that the software application is compatible with different databases, such as MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.Hardware Compatibility Testing: This type of testing ensures that the software application is compatible with different hardware devices, such as printers, scanners, and mobile devices.Network Compatibility Testing: This type of testing ensures that the software application is compatible with different network environments, such as LAN, WAN, and VPN.2.5. Usability TestingUsability testing is a testing technique that assesses how easy it is for the end-users to use the software application. The primary objective of usability testing is to identify usability issues or problems that users might encounter while using the application. The usability testing process involves evaluating the application from the user’s perspective, where the application is tested to determine how intuitive, user-friendly, and easy to use it is.The following are some examples of usability testing:Navigation testing: Navigation testing is the process of evaluating how easy it is for users to navigate through the application. This involves testing the application’s menu options, buttons, links, and other navigation elements to ensure they are intuitive and user-friendly.Input and Output Testing: Input and output testing involves testing the application’s input and output fields, such as forms, text boxes, radio buttons, and checkboxes, to ensure they are working as expected. This also involves testing the accuracy of the output generated by the application.User Interface Testing: User interface testing involves testing the overall user interface of the application. This includes the layout of the application, the use of colors, and the overall design of the application to ensure that it is visually appealing and easy to use.Accessibility Testing: Accessibility testing involves testing the application’s ability to be used by people with disabilities, such as those who are visually impaired or have mobility impairments. This involves testing the application’s compatibility with assistive technologies such as screen readers, as well as testing the application’s ability to be navigated using a keyboard.User Feedback Testing: User feedback testing involves gathering feedback from end-users to determine how satisfied they are with the application. This can be done through surveys, interviews, or focus groups.When to choose usability testing:Usability testing is a crucial part of the software development process and should be conducted whenever a new software application is developed or an existing application is updated. It is particularly important when developing applications that will be used by a large number of users, such as web applications or mobile applications.Pros:Helps in identifying usability issues and improving user satisfaction with the applicationIncreases user engagement and loyaltyHelps in improving the overall user experienceCan help in reducing development costs in the long run by catching and fixing issues earlyCons:Can be time-consuming and costly to conduct, especially if large numbers of users are involvedResults may be subjective and difficult to interpretMay require specialized expertise and tools to conduct effectively2.6. Benefits of Software TestingSoftware testing offers several benefits for software development projects. Let’s take a look at some of the key benefits of software testing:Ensures High-Quality Software: Software testing ensures that software is of high quality, meets user requirements, and functions as expected. Testing helps identify defects or issues before the software is released to users, which can prevent costly errors or bugs.Saves Time and Money: Software testing helps save time and money by identifying defects or issues early in the software development process. Testing helps prevent defects or issues from occurring in production, which can be costly to fix.Enhances User Experience: Software testing helps ensure that software is user-friendly, easy to use, and meets the needs of the users. Testing helps identify usability issues, which can be corrected before the software is released to users.Improves Security: Software testing helps identify security vulnerabilities and risks, which can be addressed before the software is released to users. Testing helps ensure that the software is secure and free from threats such as hacking, viruses, and malware.2.7. Steps to Learn Software TestingLearning software testing can be challenging, but there are several steps you can take to improve your knowledge and skills. Let’s take a look at some of the steps to learn software testing:Understand the Software Development Lifecycle:Understanding the software development lifecycle, including the different phases and activities, can help you understand the role of software testing in the software development process.2. Learn the Fundamentals of Software Testing: Learning the fundamentals of software testing, including the different types of testing, testing techniques, and testing methodologies, can help you develop a solid foundation in software testing.3. Gain Hands-on Experience: Gaining hands-on experience in software testing, including creating test cases, executing test cases, and reporting defects, can help you develop practical skills in software testing.4. Join a Software Testing Course:Joining a software testing course can help you gain a deeper understanding of software testing, learn from experienced professionals, and gain certification in software testing.Participate in Software Testing Communities: Participating in software testing communities, including forums, discussion groups, and meetups, can help you connect with other software testing professionals, learn from their experiences, and stay up-to-date on the latest trends and best practices in software testing.3. Software Testing LevelsYou can read the detailed Software Testing Levels tutorial here:Complete Guide to Software Testing Levels: From Unit to End-to-End Testing4. Software Testing MethodsAn explained tutorial on all of these techniques is here -Exploring Different Software Testing Methods: Black Box, White Box, Gray Box, Exploratory and Ad-Hoc Testing5. Software Testing TechniquesThere are several Testing techniques used depending on the requirements. You can read an explained tutorial on all of these Software Testing techniques here -Mastering Software Testing Techniques: A Comprehensive Guide to Improve Quality and Reliability6. Tools Used in Software TestingThere are several tools and techniques used in software testing to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the testing process. Let’s take a look at some of the most common tools and techniques used in software testing:1. Test Management Tools: Test management tools are used to manage the testing process, including test planning, test design, test execution, and test reporting. Test management tools help improve collaboration, communication, and visibility among the testing team and stakeholders.2. Automated Testing Tools: Automated testing tools are used to automate the testing process, including test case execution, test data preparation, and test results reporting. Automated testing tools help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the testing process, reduce the time and cost of testing, and improve test coverage. Here are some of the popular Automation tools:2.1. Web Automation Tools:Selenium WebDriver   – Web Automation TestingROBOT Framework     – Web, Database, API Testing ToolBEHAVE                        – BDD Testing ToolCYPRESS                       – Web Automation TestingTOSCA                           – Automation Testing2.2. Mobile Automation Tools:APPIUM                         – Mobile App Automation Testing2.3. REST API Automation ToolsPOSTMAN                     – API TestingSOAPUI                         – API Testing3. Performance Testing Tools: Performance testing tools are used to test the performance of the software, including response time, throughput, and scalability. Performance testing tools help identify performance bottlenecks and issues and optimize the software’s performance.JMeter                        – Performance Testing4. Security Testing Tools: Security testing tools are used to test the security of the software, including vulnerabilities and risks. Security testing tools help identify security threats and risks and improve the software’s security posture.7. Test Artifacts/DocumentsHere are some of the documents used in the testing:Test StrategyTest PlanTest EstimationTest ScenarioTest CasesRequirements Traceability MatrixTest CoverageTest Data ManagementTest ReportAn explained article on all of these techniques is to be published soon…8. Defect ManagementDefect Management is an important part of the Software Testing process. Defect Management tools are used for reporting bugs/issues in the software and tracking them. Below are the different points that come under Defect Management:Bug Life CycleBug ReportingDefect Priority & SeverityBugzilla (Bug Reporting tool)An explained article on all of these techniques is to be published soon…ConclusionSoftware testing is an essential part of the software development process that helps ensure that software is of high quality, meets user requirements, and functions as expected. The software testing process involves several stages, including test planning, test design, test execution, test reporting, and test closure. Software testing offers several benefits for software development projects, including ensuring high-quality software, saving time and money, enhancing user experience, and improving security. There are several tools and techniques used in software testing, including test management tools, automated testing tools, performance testing tools, and security testing tools. To learn software testing, you can take several steps, including understanding the software development lifecycle, learning the fundamentals of software testing, gaining hands-on experience, joining a software testing course, and participating in software testing communities.Overall, software testing is a crucial process in ensuring that software meets user requirements and functions as expected. By understanding the software testing process and using the right tools and techniques, software testing professionals can ensure that software is of high quality, secure, and meets the needs of the users.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

Appium is one of the most popular open-source testing tools used for mobile app automation testing. Though there have been updates in the past, Appium 2.0 is the biggest update from the community in many years. Being a leading mobile app automation testing company, we always use the latest technology in our projects after thoroughly
The post Appium 2.0: New Features & Migration Process appeared first on Codoid.