Libraries & Frameworks

1. IntroductionAn operating system (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer system. The OS is responsible for managing the computer’s memory, processing power, storage, and input/output devices. It also provides a user interface that allows users to interact with the computer and run applications.In this blog post, we’ll explore the history of operating systems, the types of operating systems, the functions of operating systems, the components that make up an operating system, virtualization and containerization, security considerations, and the future of operating systems.2. History of Operating SystemsOperating systems have been around since the early days of computers. The first operating systems were developed in the 1950s and 1960s for large mainframe computers. These early operating systems were designed to manage the computer’s resources and provide a user interface for programmers and operators.As computers became smaller and more affordable, operating systems evolved to support different types of computers, including personal computers and servers. In the 1980s, Microsoft released MS-DOS, which became the dominant operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. Apple also developed its own operating system, called Mac OS, for its Macintosh line of computers.In the 1990s, Microsoft released Windows, which quickly became the dominant operating system for personal computers. In the early 2000s, mobile operating systems such as Symbian, BlackBerry, and Windows Mobile were developed for smartphones. Today, the most popular operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS.2.1. Most Popular Operating Systems in the Market are:Microsoft Windows – This is the most popular desktop operating system, with a market share of around 75%. Windows offers a wide range of software and hardware compatibility and is widely used in business and personal computing.Android – This is the most popular mobile operating system, with a market share of around 85%. Android is developed by Google and is used on a wide range of smartphones and tablets.iOS – This is the second most popular mobile operating system, with a market share of around 15%. Developed by Apple, iOS is used on iPhones and iPads and offers a range of features and functionality.macOS – This is the second most popular desktop operating system, with a market share of around 15%. Developed by Apple, macOS offers a range of features and functionality and is popular with creatives and professionals.Linux – Linux is a popular open-source operating system used on desktops, servers, and embedded devices. It has a market share of around 2%, but its popularity is growing due to its flexibility and customizability.It is important to note that market share can fluctuate over time, and the popularity of operating systems can vary depending on the region and industry.3. Types of Operating SystemsThere are several different types of operating systems, each designed for specific purposes. The most common types of operating systems include:Desktop Operating Systems: These are operating systems designed for personal computers and workstations. They provide a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to interact with the computer using a mouse and keyboard. Examples of desktop operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux.Server Operating Systems: These are operating systems designed to run on servers. They are optimized for handling multiple users and managing network resources. Examples of server operating systems include Windows Server, Linux, and Unix.Mobile Operating Systems:These are operating systems designed for smartphones and tablets. They are optimized for touchscreens and provide a mobile-friendly user interface. Examples of mobile operating systems include Android, iOS, and Windows Mobile.Embedded Operating Systems:These are operating systems designed for embedded devices, such as smart appliances, industrial control systems, and medical devices. They are optimized for low power consumption and have a small footprint. Examples of embedded operating systems include VxWorks, QNX, and Windows Embedded.4. Functions of Operating SystemsOperating systems have several key functions, including:Resource Management: The OS manages the computer’s resources, including memory, processing power, and storage. It allocates resources to applications and ensures that they don’t interfere with each other.User interface: The OS provides a user interface that allows users to interact with the computer. This can include a GUI, command line interface, or touch interface.Application management: The OS manages applications and ensures that they run correctly. It also provides tools for installing, updating, and removing applications.Device drivers: The OS provides device drivers that allow the computer to communicate with input/output devices such as printers, scanners, and cameras.Security: The OS provides security features such as firewalls, antivirus software, and user authentication to protect the computer from malware and unauthorized access.5. Operating System ComponentsAn operating system is made up of several components, including:Kernel:The kernel is the core component of an operating system that manages hardware resources such as CPU, memory, and input/output devices. The kernel provides an interface between the hardware and software components of a computer system, and it controls and coordinates the execution of all other software components.The kernel can be classified into two types: Monolithic – In a monolithic kernel, all operating system services are present in a single executable image.Microkernel – Whereas in a microkernel, only essential services such as memory management, thread management, and inter-process communication are present in the kernel. Additional services are provided by user-level processes running outside the kernel.Device Drivers:Device drivers are programs that enable the operating system to communicate with hardware devices such as printers, scanners, and network cards. Device drivers act as intermediaries between the kernel and hardware components and translate operating system requests into commands that the hardware can understand.Device drivers provide an abstraction layer between the operating system and hardware components, enabling the operating system to communicate with various hardware components without needing to know the specifics of each device. Device drivers can be written by device manufacturers or by operating system developers.File System:A file system is a collection of files and directories organized in a hierarchical structure. The file system manages the storage of files on the computer’s hard drive or other storage devices such as USB drives or network-attached storage.The file system provides several functionalities such as file creation, deletion, modification, and retrieval. It also manages access to files, including permissions and ownership. The file system can be divided into two parts: the file management system, which handles the physical storage of files on the storage device, and the directory management system, which maintains the logical organization of files and directories.User Interface:The user interface is part of the operating system that allows users to interact with the computer. There are several types of user interfaces, including graphical user interfaces (GUIs), command-line interfaces (CLIs), and touch interfaces.A GUI provides a visual interface that enables users to interact with the computer through menus, icons, and windows. A CLI provides a text-based interface that allows users to enter commands and receive text-based responses. A touch interface provides a touch-sensitive interface that enables users to interact with the computer through touch gestures.The user interface also includes system utilities, which are tools that help users manage the computer’s resources, such as disk cleanup, defragmentation, and task manager.System Calls:System calls are functions that provide an interface between the user-level application and the kernel. System calls enable user-level applications to access kernel-level resources such as hardware devices, system memory, and other operating system services.System calls are implemented through system libraries, which are collections of functions that provide an interface between the user-level application and the kernel. Examples of system libraries include the C Standard Library and the Win32 API.6. System Utilities: System utilities are tools that help users manage the computer’s resources, such as disk cleanup, defragmentation, and task manager.6. Virtualization and ContainerizationVirtualization and containerization are two popular technologies used to create multiple virtual instances of an operating system.Virtualization involves running multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical machine. Each VM has its own operating system, applications, and virtual hardware. This allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine, which can be useful for running legacy applications or testing different operating systems.Containerization is a lightweight form of virtualization that allows multiple applications to run on a single operating system. Each application runs in its own container, which provides a self-contained environment for the application to run in. Containers can be easily deployed and scaled, making them popular for cloud computing and web applications.7. Security ConsiderationsOperating systems are vulnerable to security threats such as viruses, malware, and hackers. To protect against these threats, operating systems provide a variety of security features such as:1. Firewalls:Firewalls are an essential component of any operating system’s security architecture. Firewalls are designed to monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic and prevent unauthorized access to the computer from the internet or other networks. Firewalls act as a barrier between the computer and the internet or other networks and can prevent unauthorized access to the computer by blocking incoming traffic from unauthorized sources.Firewalls can be implemented as software or hardware components. A software firewall is a program that runs on the computer and monitors network traffic, whereas a hardware firewall is a dedicated device that sits between the computer and the internet or other networks and filters network traffic.2. Antivirus Software:Antivirus software is another critical component of an operating system’s security architecture. Antivirus software is designed to detect and remove viruses and other malware from the computer. Antivirus software works by scanning the computer’s files and memory for known patterns of malicious code and removing any detected malware.Antivirus software can also provide real-time protection by monitoring the computer’s activity and blocking any suspicious behavior. Antivirus software needs to be updated regularly to ensure that it can detect and remove the latest viruses and other malware.3. User Authentication:User authentication is a security mechanism that requires users to enter a username and password to access the computer. User authentication is an essential component of an operating system’s security architecture, as it ensures that only authorized users can access the computer.User authentication can be implemented using various methods, including passwords, biometric authentication, and smart card authentication. Passwords are the most common method of user authentication and require users to enter a unique username and password combination to access the computer.4. Encryption:Encryption is a security mechanism that is used to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access. Encryption works by converting data into a format that is unreadable without a decryption key. Operating systems provide encryption tools that can be used to encrypt files and communications.Encryption can be used to protect sensitive data such as passwords, credit card numbers, and personal information from unauthorized access. Encryption can also be used to protect communications between computers by encrypting data sent over the internet or other networks.8. Future of Operating SystemsThe future of operating systems is likely to be shaped by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). AI could be used to improve the performance and security of operating systems, while the IoT could create new challenges and opportunities for operating systems in managing connected devices and data.9. ConclusionOperating systems are a critical component of modern computing. They manage the computer’s resources, provide a user interface, and allow applications to run. There are several different types of operating systems, each designed for specific purposes. Operating systems are vulnerable to security threats, and provide a variety of security features to protect against these threats. The future of operating systems is likely to be shaped by emerging technologies such as AI and IoT.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the healthcare industry, offering innovative solutions to long-standing challenges and ushering in a new era of patient care, diagnosis, and treatment. With the ability to analyze vast amounts of medical data quickly and accurately, AI is improving patient outcomes, streamlining operations, and revolutionizing medical research. In this article, we explore the diverse applications of AI in healthcare.1. Disease Diagnosis and Early DetectionAI-driven diagnostic tools have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in disease identification and early detection. These systems leverage machine learning algorithms to analyze various medical imaging modalities, such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. By training on vast datasets of images and clinical records, AI models can spot subtle anomalies and patterns that may be challenging for the human eye to detect.For instance, in the case of radiology, AI algorithms can highlight potential abnormalities, such as tumors, fractures, or lesions, in medical images. This not only assists radiologists in making more accurate and timely diagnoses but also ensures that no critical findings are overlooked. Early detection of diseases like cancer is crucial for improving patient outcomes and increasing survival rates.Moreover, AI’s ability to process and interpret medical images swiftly can help reduce the time patients spend waiting for diagnoses, allowing healthcare professionals to initiate treatment plans sooner.Example: Imagine a patient who visits a radiology clinic for a chest X-ray. The X-ray image is analyzed by an AI-powered diagnostic system. This AI system, trained on millions of chest X-rays, quickly identifies a tiny abnormality that could be an early sign of lung cancer. The AI flags this finding for the radiologist, who reviews the case and confirms the presence of a small tumor. Thanks to the AI’s early detection, the patient’s lung cancer is diagnosed at a very treatable stage, significantly improving their chances of recovery.2. Personalized Treatment PlansPersonalized medicine is a promising frontier in healthcare, and AI plays a pivotal role in making it a reality. AI algorithms can analyze a patient’s genetic makeup, medical history, lifestyle, and even data from wearable devices to create tailored treatment plans.These plans take into account a patient’s unique characteristics, predicting which therapies are most likely to be effective and minimizing the risk of adverse reactions. By optimizing treatment strategies, AI not only enhances patient outcomes but also contributes to more efficient resource allocation within the healthcare system.Example: A patient with diabetes undergoes genetic testing to determine their individual response to insulin and other diabetes medications. AI analyzes the genetic data, along with the patient’s medical history and lifestyle factors. Based on this analysis, the AI system recommends a personalized treatment plan. In this case, it suggests a specific type of insulin and dietary modifications tailored to the patient’s genetic profile, improving the patient’s ability to manage their diabetes effectively.3. Drug Discovery and DevelopmentTraditional drug discovery and development are costly, time-consuming processes. AI offers a solution to accelerate this journey. AI-driven platforms can analyze vast datasets of biological and chemical information to identify potential drug candidates and predict their interactions with target molecules.By simulating these interactions in silico, researchers can significantly reduce the number of drug candidates that need to be synthesized and tested in the laboratory, ultimately saving time and resources. AI-powered drug discovery has the potential to expedite the development of treatments for various diseases, including rare and neglected ones.Example: Pharmaceutical researchers are exploring new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Using AI, they analyze extensive datasets of protein interactions, chemical structures, and clinical trial data. AI-driven algorithms identify a set of promising compounds that could potentially target the underlying mechanisms of the disease. These compounds are synthesized and tested in the lab, eventually leading to the discovery of a novel drug candidate for Alzheimer’s treatment.4. Virtual Health AssistantsVirtual health assistants are AI-powered chatbots and applications that provide patients with 24/7 access to medical information and support. These virtual assistants can answer health-related questions, offer medication reminders, and monitor patients’ vital signs remotely.This technology improves patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans, especially for chronic conditions. Virtual health assistants can educate patients about their conditions, provide guidance on managing symptoms, and even escalate urgent issues to healthcare professionals when necessary.As healthcare becomes more patient-centric, virtual health assistants contribute to empowering individuals to take control of their health and well-being. These AI-driven tools are particularly valuable for telemedicine and remote patient monitoring, where regular communication between patients and healthcare providers is essential.Example: A patient with asthma uses a virtual health assistant app on their smartphone. The app provides information about asthma triggers, medication reminders, and peak flow measurements. If the patient experiences worsening symptoms, the virtual assistant asks questions about their condition and uses AI algorithms to assess the severity. Based on the assessment, the assistant can recommend whether the patient should seek immediate medical attention or adjust their medication regimen.5. Predictive Analytics for Hospital OperationsHospitals and healthcare facilities are adopting predictive analytics powered by AI to optimize operations and resource management. Machine learning models analyze historical patient data, admission rates, staff scheduling, and equipment maintenance needs to make accurate forecasts.By anticipating patient flow and staffing requirements, healthcare providers can allocate resources more efficiently. For instance, predictive analytics can help hospitals adjust staffing levels to meet patient demand, reducing wait times, and ensuring that patients receive timely care.Additionally, AI-driven analytics enable better inventory management of medical supplies and equipment, reducing costs and minimizing the risk of shortages.Example: A hospital employs predictive analytics to optimize its resource allocation. The AI system analyzes historical patient admission data, seasonal trends, and staffing levels. During flu season, the AI predicts a surge in patient admissions. As a result, the hospital proactively schedules additional nursing staff and opens temporary flu clinics to handle the increased patient load, ensuring that patients receive prompt care and reducing overcrowding.6. Remote Patient MonitoringRemote patient monitoring is a critical component of modern healthcare, particularly for patients with chronic conditions or those recovering from surgeries. AI-enabled monitoring tools use wearable devices and sensors to continuously track patients’ vital signs and health metrics, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.These AI systems can detect anomalies or changes in a patient’s condition and alert healthcare professionals in real-time. Early intervention based on these alerts can prevent complications and reduce hospital readmissions, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.For instance, remote monitoring platforms like Current Health’s solution use AI to collect and analyze data from wearable devices, providing valuable insights into patients’ health status and facilitating timely interventions when necessary.Example: An elderly patient with heart disease wears a wearable device equipped with sensors that continuously monitor their heart rate and blood pressure. The device is connected to an AI-powered monitoring platform. If the AI detects irregular heart rhythms or a sudden spike in blood pressure, it alerts the patient’s cardiologist and primary care physician immediately. The healthcare team reviews the data remotely and advises the patient on necessary interventions, which could include adjusting medication or scheduling an in-person visit.7. Medical Records ManagementAI simplifies the cumbersome task of managing electronic health records (EHRs) and other healthcare documents. Natural language processing (NLP) algorithms enable AI systems to parse and extract structured information from unstructured medical notes and records.By automatically extracting relevant data, AI not only makes EHRs more accessible but also reduces the administrative burden on healthcare providers. This enhances the accuracy of clinical documentation and ensures that healthcare professionals have quick access to critical patient information when making treatment decisions.For example, Google Health’s Medical Digital Assistants use NLP to extract valuable information from EHRs, streamlining the documentation process and improving the quality of healthcare records.Example: A busy hospital emergency room relies on AI-powered medical records management to streamline documentation. When a physician examines a patient, they dictate their findings into a voice recognition system. The AI then converts the spoken words into structured, coded medical notes, which are instantly added to the patient’s electronic health record (EHR). This automation ensures that all patient information is accurately recorded, easily accessible, and reduces administrative burdens on healthcare providers.8. Drug Adverse Event MonitoringMonitoring the safety of medications and medical devices is a crucial aspect of healthcare. AI systems can analyze vast datasets of patient records, social media discussions, and other sources of real-world data to detect potential adverse events associated with drugs and medical devices.Regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies use AI-driven systems to identify safety concerns early, enabling timely actions such as recalls or label updates. This proactive approach protects patient safety and ensures that healthcare products are continuously monitored for their risk-benefit profiles.For instance, the FDA’s Sentinel System leverages AI and real-world data to monitor the safety of medical products, allowing for rapid response to emerging safety issues and enhancing the overall safety of the healthcare system.Example: A pharmaceutical company launches a new medication for hypertension. AI-powered systems continuously monitor online health forums, social media platforms, and electronic health records for patient reports of side effects related to the medication. If a pattern of concerning side effects emerges, the AI system alerts the company’s pharmacovigilance team. They investigate the reports and, if necessary, take swift action to update warning labels or provide additional guidance to healthcare providers to ensure patient safety.ConclusionThe applications of AI in healthcare are vast and transformative, encompassing disease diagnosis, personalized treatment, drug discovery, patient engagement, operations optimization, remote monitoring, medical records management, and drug safety monitoring. As AI technologies continue to advance and integrate into healthcare workflows, we can expect even more breakthroughs in improving patient care, increasing the efficiency of healthcare operations, and driving medical research forward.While AI offers tremendous promise, it also comes with challenges such as data privacy, ethical considerations, and regulatory compliance. Addressing these challenges will be essential to harness the full potential of AI in healthcare and ensure that these innovations benefit patients and healthcare providers alike. In the coming years, AI will continue to play a pivotal role in reshaping the healthcare landscape, ultimately leading to better health outcomes and a healthier society.AuthorTechlistic Team

 4. Automating Native Mobile Apps with AppiumNow that we have set up the environment for Appium, we can move on to the actual testing process. In this section, we will create a basic Appium test that interacts with a mobile application.4.1 Appium Commands for Interacting with Mobile Elements (Taps, Swipes, Inputs, etc.)In this section of the tutorial, we will explore the commands and methods available in Appium for interacting with mobile elements such as taps, swipes, inputs, and more. These commands are essential for automating interactions with mobile apps during testing. We’ll cover the commonly used commands and their usage in Appium using the Java client.Locating Mobile Elements:i. Use the findElement(By locator) method to locate a single element based on a specified locator strategy (e.g., ID, XPath, class name).ii. Use the findElements(By locator) method to locate multiple elements based on the same locator strategy.Example:javaCopy codeMobileElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(“com.example.app:id/button”));2. Tapping on an Element:Use the click() method to tap on a mobile element.Example:javaCopy codeelement.click();3. Sending Text Input:Use the sendKeys(CharSequence… keysToSend) method to send text input to a mobile element.Example:javaCopy codeMobileElement inputField = driver.findElement(By.id(“com.example.app:id/input_field”));
inputField.sendKeys(“Hello, Appium!”);4. Swiping:Use the swipe(int startX, int startY, int endX, int endY, int duration) method to perform a swipe gesture from one point to another.Example:javaCopy code// Swipe from coordinates (startX, startY) to (endX, endY) over the duration of 1000 milliseconds
driver.swipe(startX, startY, endX, endY, 1000);5. Scrolling:Use the scrollIntoView(MobileElement element) method to scroll to a specific element within a scrollable container.Example:javaCopy codeMobileElement scrollableContainer = driver.findElement(By.id(“com.example.app:id/scrollable_container”));
MobileElement elementToScrollTo = driver.findElement(MobileBy.AndroidUIAutomator(
“new UiScrollable(new UiSelector()).scrollIntoView(new UiSelector().text(“Scrollable Item”));”));
scrollableContainer.scrollIntoView(elementToScrollTo);6. Device Navigation:Use the navigate() object to perform device navigation actions such as pressing the back button, home button, or locking the device.Example:javaCopy codedriver.navigate().back(); // Press the Back button
driver.navigate().home(); // Press the Home button
driver.lockDevice(); // Lock the device
// …and more device navigation methods are availableBy utilizing these commands and methods in your Appium test scripts, you can interact with mobile elements effectively. Appium provides a comprehensive set of functionality to simulate user interactions and gestures on mobile devices, enabling you to automate mobile app testing efficiently.7. Long Press:In Appium, to perform a long press or a long-press-and-move action on a mobile element, you can use the longPress(LongPressOptions) method. The LongPressOptions class allows you to configure the duration and other options for the long press action.Here’s an example of how to perform a long press on a mobile element using the Appium Java client:javaCopy codeimport io.appium.java_client.TouchAction;
import io.appium.java_client.touch.LongPressOptions;
import io.appium.java_client.touch.offset.ElementOption;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

// Locate the mobile element to perform a long press on
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(“com.example.app:id/button”));

// Create an instance of TouchAction class
TouchAction touchAction = new TouchAction(driver);

// Configure the long press action options
LongPressOptions longPressOptions = LongPressOptions.longPressOptions()
.withElement(ElementOption.element(element))
.withDuration(ofSeconds(2)); // Set the duration for the long press (2 seconds in this example)

// Perform the long press action
touchAction.longPress(longPressOptions).release().perform();In the above example, we first locate the mobile element on which we want to perform the long press action. Then, we create an instance of the TouchAction class and configure the LongPressOptions with the desired duration and the element on which the long press should be performed. Finally, we invoke the longPress method of TouchAction with the LongPressOptions and perform the long press action by calling perform().4.2. Writing your first Appium ScriptStep 1: Start Appium ServerBefore you can start running tests with Appium, you need to start the Appium server. You can start the server using Appium Desktop or the command line.To start the server using Appium Desktop, open the application and click the “Start Server” button. Appium will start the server and display the server log in the console.To start the server using the command line, open a command prompt or terminal window and run the following command:Copy codeappiumThis command will start the Appium server and display the server log in the console.Step 2: Install Mobile ApplicationTo automate testing for a mobile application, you need to have the application installed on your device or emulator. You can download the application from the app store or get it from the developer.Step 3: Set Up Desired CapabilitiesTo run tests with Appium, you need to set up desired capabilities that define the device and application settings. Desired capabilities are a set of key-value pairs that specify the device, application, and other settings that you want to use for testing.For example, to run tests for an Android application, you can set up desired capabilities as follows:javaCopy codeDesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities(); capabilities.setCapability(“platformName”, “Android”); capabilities.setCapability(“deviceName”, “Android Emulator”); capabilities.setCapability(“appPackage”, “com.example.android.myapplication”); capabilities.setCapability(“appActivity”, “MainActivity”); capabilities.setCapability(“automationName”, “UiAutomator2”); capabilities.setCapability(“udid”, “emulator-5554”);In the code snippet above, we have set up desired capabilities for an Android emulator. We have specified the platform name as “Android”, device name as “Android Emulator”, the package name and activity name of the application, the automation name as “UiAutomator2”, and the unique device identifier (UDID) of the emulator.You can also set up desired capabilities for an iOS application as follows:javaCopy codeDesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities(); capabilities.setCapability(“platformName”, “iOS”); capabilities.setCapability(“deviceName”, “iPhone 11”); capabilities.setCapability(“platformVersion”, “14.5”); capabilities.setCapability(“app”, “/path/to/app.app”); capabilities.setCapability(“automationName”, “XCUITest”); capabilities.setCapability(“udid”, “0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef01234567”);In the code snippet above, we have set up desired capabilities for an iPhone device. We have specified the platform name as “iOS”, device name as “iPhone 11”, the platform version as “14.5”, the path to the application file, the automation name as “XCUITest”, and the UDID of the device.Step 4: Write Test CodeOnce you have set up desired capabilities, you can write test code to interact with the mobile application.In the code snippet below, we will launch the application, enter a username and password, and click on the login button:javaCopy codeimport io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class AppiumTest {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

// Set up desired capabilities
DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_NAME, “Android”);
capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, “emulator-5554”);
capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, “/path/to/app.apk”);
capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, “UiAutomator2”);

// Create Android driver
AndroidDriver<MobileElement> driver = new AndroidDriver<MobileElement>(new URL(“http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hub”), capabilities);

// Set implicit wait time
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

// Interact with mobile application
MobileElement username = driver.findElementById(“com.example.app:id/username”);
username.sendKeys(“testuser”);

MobileElement password = driver.findElementById(“com.example.app:id/password”);
password.sendKeys(“testpass”);

MobileElement loginBtn = driver.findElementById(“com.example.app:id/login”);
loginBtn.click();

// Close application
driver.quit();
}
}Example Code explanation:Let’s break down this code and see what each part does.Import Required PackagesFirst, we import the required packages for the test:javaCopy codeimport io.appium.java_client.MobileElement; import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver; import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType; import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities; import java.net.URL; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;Here, we import the MobileElement and AndroidDriver classes from the Appium Java client library, the DesiredCapabilities class from the Selenium Java library, and the URL class from the Java standard library. We also import the MobileCapabilityType enum from the Appium Java client library to set up desired capabilities.2. Create Android DriverNext, we create an Android driver using the desired capabilities:javaCopy code// Create Android driver AndroidDriver<MobileElement> driver = new AndroidDriver<MobileElement>(new URL(“http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hub”), capabilities);Here, we create a new AndroidDriver object by passing the URL of the Appium server and the desired capabilities as parameters.2.1. AndroidDriver<MobileElement>The first part of this line of code declares a variable named “driver” of type AndroidDriver<MobileElement>. This means that the “driver” object is an instance of the AndroidDriver class that is capable of interacting with mobile elements.2.2. new AndroidDriver<MobileElement>(new URL(“http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hub”), capabilities)The second part of this line of code initializes the “driver” object. It creates a new instance of the AndroidDriver class and passes two arguments:i. A URL object that represents the address of the Appium server. In this case, the address is “http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hub”. This is the default address used by Appium server.ii. A desired capabilities object that defines the properties and behavior of the session that the driver will create with the Appium server. This object is passed as an argument to the AndroidDriver constructor.2.3. capabilitiesThe “capabilities” object is a desired capabilities object that is defined earlier in the code using the DesiredCapabilities class. It defines the properties and behavior of the session that the driver will create with the Appium server. In this case, it specifies the capabilities for an Android device, including the platform name, device name, and app package and activity.Overall, this line of code initializes the “driver” object by creating a new instance of the AndroidDriver class and passing the Appium server URL and the desired capabilities object as arguments. Once the “driver” object is initialized, it can be used to interact with the mobile application.Set Implicit Wait TimeNext, we set an implicit wait time of 15 seconds:javaCopy code// Set implicit wait time driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);Here, we set an implicit wait time of 15 seconds using the manage() method of the driver object and the timeouts() method. This will make the driver wait for up to 15 seconds for an element to appear before throwing an exception.Interact with Mobile ApplicationNext, we interact with the mobile application by finding elements and performing actions on them:javaCopy code// Interact with mobile application MobileElement username = driver.findElementById(“com.example.app:id/username”); username.sendKeys(“testuser”); MobileElement password = driver.findElementById(“com.example.app:id/password”); password.sendKeys(“testpass”); MobileElement loginBtn = driver.findElementById(“com.example.app:id/login”); loginBtn.click();Here, we first find the “username” element by its ID using the findElementById() method of the driver object and assign it to a MobileElement object named “username”. We then use the sendKeys() method to enter the text “testuser” into the “username” field.Next, we find the “password” element by its ID using the findElementById() method of the driver object and assign it to a MobileElement object named “password”. We then use the sendKeys() method to enter the text “testpass” into the “password” field.Finally, we find the “login” button element by its ID using the findElementById() method of the driver object and assign it to a MobileElement object named “loginBtn”. We then use the click() method to click the “login” button.Close ApplicationFinally, we close the application by quitting the driver:javaCopy code// Close application driver.quit();Here, we use the quit() method of the driver object to close the application and release all resources associated with it.And that’s it! This is a simple Appium test code for a mobile application that demonstrates how to set up desired capabilities, create an Android driver, interact with the application, and close it using the Appium Java client library. You can use this code as a starting point to write more complex tests for your mobile application.4.3. Handling Alerts and Pop-ups in Appium:Alerts and pop-ups are common elements in mobile applications that require special handling during test automation. Appium provides specific methods to interact with alerts and pop-ups, allowing you to accept, dismiss, or perform other actions based on their presence.1. Accepting Alerts:
To accept an alert, you can use the accept() method. It clicks the “OK” or “Accept” button on the alert.javaCopy codedriver.switchTo().alert().accept();
2. Dismissing Alerts:
To dismiss an alert, you can use the dismiss() method. It clicks the “Cancel” or “Dismiss” button on the alert.javaCopy codedriver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();
3. Retrieving Alert Text:
To retrieve the text displayed on an alert, you can use the getText() method.javaCopy codeString alertText = driver.switchTo().alert().getText();
4. Entering Text in Alert Prompts:
In cases where an alert requires user input, such as a prompt, you can use the sendKeys() method to enter text into the input field of the alert.javaCopy codeAlert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.sendKeys(“Your text here”);
alert.accept();5. Handling Expected Alerts:
If you expect an alert to appear during the execution of your test, you can use the WebDriverWait class in combination with the ExpectedConditions class to wait for the alert to be present and then perform the desired action.javaCopy codeWebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
6. Handling Unexpected Alerts:
If an unexpected alert appears during the execution of your test, you can use a try-catch block to handle it. Catch the NoAlertPresentException and handle the alert accordingly.javaCopy codetry {
driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
} catch (NoAlertPresentException e) {
// Alert not present, continue with the test
}By using these methods, you can handle alerts and pop-ups effectively in your Appium test scripts. It enables you to interact with these elements based on the specific actions required, allowing you to automate scenarios involving alerts and pop-ups in mobile applications.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

Top Indian CEOs in the USAIndian Americans have been making significant contributions to the US economy for decades. Many Indian-origin executives have reached the pinnacle of success in American corporations and hold some of the highest-paid positions in the country. In this post, we will take a look at the top 10 highly paid Indian-origin CEOs in the USA, their history, academics, salary, and net worth.1. Sunder Pichai
 

SalaryUS$199.7 million

Sundar Pichai is the CEO of Google and Alphabet Inc. Born in Tamil Nadu, India, Pichai grew up in a middle-class family and earned a Bachelor’s degree in Metallurgical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur. He went on to earn a Master’s degree in Material Sciences and Engineering from Stanford University and an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.Pichai joined Google in 2004 and rose through the ranks to become CEO in 2015. His annual salary in 2021 was $2 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $1.5 billion.

2. Satya Nadella

Salary$25.8 million USD (2017)

Satya Nadella is the CEO of Microsoft Corporation. Born in Hyderabad, India, Nadella earned a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from Manipal Institute of Technology and went on to earn a Master’s degree in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.Nadella joined Microsoft in 1992 and became CEO in 2014. His annual salary in 2021 was $44.3 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $350 million.
3. Shantanu Narayen

SalaryUS$17.89 million

Shantanu Narayen is the CEO of Adobe Systems. Born in Hyderabad, India, Narayen earned a Bachelor’s degree in Electronics Engineering from Osmania University and went on to earn a Master’s degree in Computer Science from Bowling Green State University and an MBA from the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley.Narayen joined Adobe in 1998 and became CEO in 2007. His annual salary in 2021 was $43.9 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $200 million.
4. Arvind KrishnaArvind Krishna is the CEO of IBM. Born in Andhra Pradesh, India, Krishna earned a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur and went on to earn a Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Krishna joined IBM in 1990 and became CEO in 2020. His annual salary in 2021 was $14.9 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $50 million.5. Sanjay MehrotraSanjay Mehrotra is the CEO of Micron Technology. Born in Delhi, India, Mehrotra earned a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science in Pilani and went on to earn a Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley.Mehrotra joined Micron Technology in 2017 and became CEO in 2017. His annual salary in 2021 was $14.7 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $1.5 billion.6. Ajay BangaAjay Banga is the Executive Chairman of Mastercard. Born in Pune, India, Banga earned a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from Delhi University and went on to earn an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad.Banga joined Mastercard in 2009 and became CEO in 2010, serving until 2020. His annual salary in 2021 was $16.7 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $200 million.7. Ivan MenezesIvan Menezes is the CEO of Diageo, the world’s largest spirits company. Born in Pune, India, Menezes earned a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from St. Stephen’s College in Delhi and went on to earn an MBA from Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management.Menezes joined Diageo in 1997 and became CEO in 2013. His annual salary in 2021 was $11.5 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $62 million.8. Ajit JainAjit Jain is the Vice Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, a multinational conglomerate holding company. Born in Odisha, India, Jain earned a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur and went on to earn an MBA from Harvard Business School.Jain joined Berkshire Hathaway in 1986 and has been a key figure in the company’s insurance operations. His annual salary in 2021 was $29 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $2.8 billion.9. Punit RenjenPunit Renjen is the CEO of Deloitte Global, a multinational professional services network. Born in Rohtak, India, Renjen earned a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi and went on to earn an MBA from Willamette University’s Atkinson Graduate School of Management.Renjen joined Deloitte in 1999 and became CEO in 2015. His annual salary in 2021 was $10.2 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $50 million.10. Dinesh PaliwalDinesh Paliwal is the CEO of Harman International, a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics. Born in Agra, India, Paliwal earned a Bachelor’s degree in Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee and went on to earn an MBA from Miami University.Paliwal joined Harman International in 2007 and became CEO in 2008. His annual salary in 2021 was $11.9 million, and his net worth is estimated to be around $80 million.Conclusion:These Indian-origin CEOs have not only achieved great success in their respective fields but have also become some of the highest-paid executives in the USA. Their stories inspire many aspiring entrepreneurs and business leaders around the world, and serve as a testament to the contributions of the Indian diaspora to the American economy.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing in Tech Space for more than a decade.

The tech industry is constantly evolving, and professionals in the field must keep up with the latest trends and technologies to stay relevant. In this blog, we will discuss the top 10 tech skills in demand in today’s job market, which can help job seekers and tech professionals understand the most important skills for success in the industry.1. Cloud ComputingCloud computing is a technology that allows the delivery of computing services, including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics, over the internet. As more and more companies are moving towards cloud-based services, the demand for professionals with cloud computing skills is increasing.Cloud computing has several advantages over traditional on-premises computing, such as increased scalability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility. As a result, more and more companies are embracing cloud computing, and the demand for cloud computing professionals is increasing.Some popular cloud computing platforms include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform. These platforms offer various cloud-based services, such as cloud storage, cloud computing, and cloud analytics. Professionals with cloud computing skills can work in various roles, such as cloud architects, cloud engineers, and cloud administrators.2. Artificial Intelligence and Machine LearningArtificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are transforming various industries, including healthcare, finance, and transportation. AI and ML are used to develop intelligent systems that can learn from data and make decisions without human intervention. The demand for professionals with AI and ML skills is increasing as companies are looking to leverage these technologies to gain a competitive advantage.AI and ML can be used for various applications, such as image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. Professionals with AI and ML skills can work in various roles, such as data scientists, machine learning engineers, and AI architects.To develop AI and ML systems, professionals need to have knowledge of various programming languages, such as Python, R, and Java. They also need to have knowledge of various ML frameworks, such as TensorFlow and PyTorch.3. CybersecurityCybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from theft, damage, or unauthorized access. As more companies are storing sensitive data on their computer systems and networks, the demand for cybersecurity professionals is increasing.Cybersecurity professionals are responsible for developing and implementing security measures to protect computer systems and networks from cyber threats. They need to have knowledge of various cybersecurity tools, such as firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems.Cybersecurity professionals can work in various roles, such as cybersecurity analysts, cybersecurity engineers, and cybersecurity architects. They need to have knowledge of various cybersecurity standards, such as NIST, ISO 27001, and PCI DSS.4. Data Science and AnalyticsData science and analytics involve the extraction of meaningful insights from data. Data science and analytics professionals are responsible for collecting, cleaning, analyzing, and interpreting large amounts of data to help companies make informed decisions. The demand for data science and analytics professionals is increasing as companies are looking to use data to gain a competitive advantage.Data science and analytics can be used for various applications, such as customer segmentation, predictive analytics, and fraud detection. Professionals with data science and analytics skills can work in various roles, such as data scientists, data analysts, and business analysts.To work in data science and analytics, professionals need to have knowledge of various programming languages, such as Python, R, and SQL. They also need to have knowledge of various data science and analytics tools, such as Tableau and Power BI.5. DevOpsDevOps is a software development methodology that combines software development and IT operations. DevOps professionals are responsible for developing, testing, and deploying software faster and more efficiently. The demand for DevOps professionals is increasing as companies are looking to adopt DevOps practices to improve their software development processes.DevOps professionals can work in various roles, such as DevOps engineers, DevOps architects, and automation engineers. They need to have knowledge of various DevOps tools, such as Jenkins, Git, and Docker.6. Mobile App DevelopmentMobile app development is the process of developing mobile applications for smartphones and tablets. As more and more people are using mobile devices to access the internet, the demand for mobile app developers is increasing.Mobile app developers are responsible for developing mobile applications for various platforms, such as iOS and Android. They need to have knowledge of various mobile app development frameworks, such as React Native and Flutter.Mobile app developers can work in various roles, such as mobile app developers, mobile app designers, and mobile app architects. They need to have knowledge of various programming languages, such as Swift, Kotlin, and Java.7. Web DevelopmentWeb development is the process of developing websites and web applications. As more and more companies are moving towards digital platforms, the demand for web developers is increasing.Web developers are responsible for developing and maintaining websites and web applications. They need to have knowledge of various web development frameworks, such as Angular and React.Web developers can work in various roles, such as web developers, web designers, and web architects. They need to have knowledge of various programming languages, such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.8. UI/UX DesignUI/UX design is the process of designing the user interface and user experience of websites and mobile applications. As more and more companies are focusing on user experience, the demand for UI/UX designers is increasing.UI/UX designers are responsible for designing the user interface and user experience of websites and mobile applications. They need to have knowledge of various design tools, such as Adobe Photoshop and Sketch.UI/UX designers can work in various roles, such as UI/UX designers, product designers, and user experience architects.9. BlockchainBlockchain is a decentralized, digital ledger that records transactions in a secure and transparent manner. As more and more companies are adopting blockchain technology, the demand for blockchain professionals is increasing.Blockchain professionals are responsible for developing and implementing blockchain-based solutions. They need to have knowledge of various blockchain frameworks, such as Ethereum and Hyperledger.Blockchain professionals can work in various roles, such as blockchain developers, blockchain architects, and blockchain analysts.10. Internet of Things (IoT)Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that connects various devices and objects to the internet, allowing them to communicate with each other. As more and more companies are adopting IoT technology, the demand for IoT professionals is increasing.IoT professionals are responsible for developing and implementing IoT-based solutions. They need to have knowledge of various IoT platforms, such as Amazon IoT and Microsoft Azure IoT.IoT professionals can work in various roles, such as IoT developers, IoT architects, and IoT analysts.ConclusionThe tech industry is constantly evolving, and professionals in the field must keep up with the latest trends and technologies to stay relevant. In this blog, we discussed the top 10 tech skills in demand in today’s job market, which can help job seekers and tech professionals understand the most important skills for success in the industry.Professionals with these skills can work in various roles, such as cloud architects, data scientists, UI/UX designers, and blockchain developers. By developing these skills, professionals can increase their employability and advance their careers in the tech industry.AuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

1. Introduction to REST API Testing1.1. What is an API?An API (Application Programming Interface) defines the methods, protocols, and tools for building software applications. It specifies how different software components should interact with each other.In our social media application, the API provides a set of endpoints and rules for accessing and manipulating user profiles. The API documentation defines the available endpoints, the required parameters, the expected response format, and any authentication requirements. Developers can use this API to integrate social media features into their own applications.Table of Contents:1. Introduction to REST API Testing
    1.1. What is an API?
    1.2. What is REST API?    1.3. What is SOAP API?
    1.4. Why Test APIs?
    1.4. Challenges in API Testing

2. Key Concepts in REST API Testing
    2.1. HTTP Methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)
    2.2. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
    2.3. Request Headers
    2.4. Request Body
    2.5. Response Codes
    2.6. Response Body
    2.7. Authentication and Authorization

3. Tools for REST API Testing    3.1. Postman        3.1.1. REST API Testing using Postman
– Why Postman tool?
– Install Native Postman Application
        3.2.1. Getting Started with Postman
– What is HTTP?
– Most common HTTP methods:
– How to Test GET Requests
– How to Test POST Requests
– How to Test PUT, PATCH, DELETE
        3.3.1. REST API Automation Testing using Postman
– Automate the Login API through Postman

    3.2. cURL

    3.3. REST Assured

    3.4. SoapUI 3.4.1 What is a Web Service? 3.4.2. What is SOAP Protocol?

3.4.3. What is SOAPUI?
– What Types of Testing SOAPUI can perform
– Protocols & Technologies SOAPUI Supports
– Installing SOAPUI on Linux, Windows, MAC

3.4.4. Working with SOAPUI Interface 3.4.5. SOAPUI Properties

    3.5. JUnit/TestNG
4. REST API Testing Techniques
    4.1. Functional Testing
    4.2. Parameterized Testing
    4.3. Data-Driven Testing
    4.4. Security Testing
    4.5. Performance Testing
    4.6. Error and Exception Handling Testing

5. Best Practices for REST API Testing
    5.1. Test Planning and Strategy
    5.2. Test Data Management
    5.3. Test Automation
    5.4. Test Reporting and Documentation
    5.5. Continuous Integration and Deployment

6. Common Challenges and Solutions in REST API Testing
    6.1. Handling Authentication and Authorization
    6.2. Managing Test Data
    6.3. Testing Endpoints with Dependencies
    6.4. Handling Dynamic Responses
    6.5. Handling Rate Limiting and Throttling

Conclusion1.2. What is REST?REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. It is based on a set of principles that emphasize scalability, simplicity, and interoperability between systems. RESTful APIs are built following these principles and allow clients to interact with web services using standard HTTP methods.For example, let’s consider a social media application. The application exposes RESTful APIs to perform operations on user profiles. To retrieve a user’s profile information, the client can send an HTTP GET request to the API endpoint /users/{userId}, where {userId} is the unique identifier of the user. The API responds with the user’s profile data in a structured format like JSON or XML.1.3. What is SOAP?SOAP API, or Simple Object Access Protocol API, is a protocol used for exchanging structured information in web services. It is a messaging protocol that defines a set of rules and formats for creating messages, exchanging data, and invoking methods between different systems over a network.SOAP APIs are based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language) and typically use HTTP or other application layer protocols for communication. They follow a strict structure and use XML-based messages for request and response exchange. SOAP APIs rely on a contract-based approach, where the API provider publishes a WSDL (Web Services Description Language) file that describes the API’s operations, message formats, data types, and protocols.1.4. Why Test APIs?Testing APIs is essential to ensure their functionality, reliability, and security. Let’s understand the importance of testing through an example:Suppose a bug is reported where the API endpoint /users/{userId} is returning incorrect profile data. By testing the API, we can identify and fix this issue, ensuring that the endpoint retrieves the correct user profile information.Additionally, testing helps verify that the API handles various scenarios correctly. For example, testing ensures that the API returns appropriate error responses when invalid parameters are provided, or it enforces proper authentication and authorization for sensitive operations.1.5. Challenges in REST API TestingLet’s consider some challenges in testing APIs using our social media application as an example:1. API Complexity: The API may have multiple endpoints, each with different functionalities and data requirements. Testing all possible combinations and scenarios can be complex and time-consuming.2. Dynamic Responses: The API might generate dynamic responses based on real-time data or user-specific inputs. Testing such responses requires handling dynamic factors and verifying the correctness of the results.3. Data Management: The API may involve data operations, such as creating, updating, or deleting user profiles. Managing test data and ensuring its consistency across different test runs can be challenging.4. Authentication and Authorization: The API may require authentication tokens or API keys for access. Testing different authentication scenarios and managing credentials during testing can be a challenge.5. Versioning: The API may evolve over time with new features or changes in the data structure. Testing API versions and ensuring backward compatibility can be challenging to maintain.6. Performance and Scalability: Testing the API’s performance and scalability under various loads and concurrent requests helps ensure it can handle the expected traffic efficiently.7. Testing Tools and Environment: Choosing suitable testing tools, setting up the test environment with mock data, and integrating API testing into continuous integration pipelines require careful consideration.By addressing these challenges through proper planning, test design, and the use of appropriate tools, we can ensure effective testing of REST APIs and deliver high-quality software.2. Key Concepts in REST API Testing2.1. HTTP Methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)HTTP methods define the type of operation to be performed on a resource. The commonly used methods in REST API testing are:1. GET: Retrieves data from the server. It is used to read or retrieve a resource. For example, to retrieve a user profile, you can send a GET request to /users/{userId}.2. POST: Submits data to the server to create a new resource. It is used for operations like creating a user or adding a new item. For example, to create a new user, you can send a POST request to /users with the user’s information in the request body.3. PUT: Updates an existing resource on the server. It is used for operations like updating user information or modifying an item. For example, to update a user’s profile, you can send a PUT request to /users/{userId} with the updated data in the request body.4. DELETE: Removes a resource from the server. It is used to delete a user or remove an item. For example, to delete a user, you can send a DELETE request to /users/{userId}.2.2. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)The URI identifies the resource being accessed or manipulated. It consists of a base URL and a path that specifies the location of the resource. For example, in the URI /users/{userId}, {userId} is a placeholder that represents the unique identifier of a user.Here’s an example URI for retrieving a user’s profile:bashCopy codeGET /users/123456
2.3. Request HeadersRequest headers provide additional information about the request. They can include authentication tokens, content types, or custom headers. Here are a few commonly used headers:1. Authorization: Used for authentication, it contains credentials like API keys or access tokens. For example:makefileCopy codeAuthorization: Bearer <access_token>
2. Content-Type: Specifies the format of the request body. It can be application/json, application/xml, etc. For example:bashCopy codeContent-Type: application/json
2.4. Request BodyThe request body carries data sent to the server for operations like creating or updating a resource. It is used with HTTP methods like POST, PUT, and PATCH. The body format depends on the Content-Type header specified. Here’s an example of a JSON request body for creating a user:jsonCopy code{
“name”: “John Doe”,
“email”: “john.doe@example.com”,
“password”: “secret”
}2.5. Response CodesHTTP response codes indicate the status of the request. They provide information on whether the request was successful or encountered an error. Some common response codes are:i. 200 OK: The request was successful, and the response contains the expected data.ii. 201 Created: The resource was successfully created.iii. 400 Bad Request: The request was malformed or had invalid parameters.iv. 401 Unauthorized: The request requires authentication, and the provided credentials are invalid or missing.v. 404 Not Found: The requested resource was not found on the server.2.6. Response BodyThe response body contains the data returned by the server in response to the request. It can be in JSON, XML, or other formats. For example, a response body for retrieving a user’s profile:jsonCopy code{
“id”: “123456”,
“name”: “John Doe”,
“email”: “john.doe@example.com”
}2.7. Authentication and AuthorizationAuthentication ensures the identity of the client making the request, while authorization determines whether the client has permission to perform the requested operation. Common authentication mechanisms include API keys, access tokens, or OAuth.For example, to authenticate using an access token, you can include it in the Authorization header of the request:makefileCopy codeAuthorization: Bearer <access_token>
Proper authentication and authorization are crucial for securing APIs and protecting sensitive data.By understanding and applying these key concepts in REST API testing, you can effectively interact with APIs, validate their behavior, and ensure the reliability and security of your applications.3. Tools for REST API Testing3.1. PostmanPostman is a popular API testing tool that provides a user-friendly interface for testing REST APIs. It allows you to send HTTP requests, view and analyze responses, and automate API testing. Here’s an example of using Postman for REST API testing:Install Postman from the official website (https://www.postman.com/downloads/).Launch Postman and create a new request.Set the request method (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and enter the API endpoint (URI).Add headers, request body (if required), and any necessary authentication details.Click the “Send” button to send the request.View the response received from the API, including the response code, headers, and body.Postman also allows you to save and organize your API requests, create test suites, and generate API documentation.3.2. cURLcURL is a command-line tool used for making HTTP requests. It is available on various operating systems, including Linux, macOS, and Windows. Here’s an example of using cURL for REST API testing:Open a terminal or command prompt.Use the appropriate cURL command to send an HTTP request. For example, to send a GET request:arduinoCopy codecurl -X GET https://api.example.com/users
You can add headers, request body, and other parameters as needed. For example, to send a POST request with JSON data:jsonCopy codecurl -X POST -H “Content-Type: application/json” -d ‘{“name”: “John Doe”, “email”: “john@example.com”}’ https://api.example.com/users
Press Enter to execute the command and view the response.cURL provides a flexible and powerful way to test REST APIs directly from the command line.3.3. REST AssuredREST Assured is a Java-based library for testing REST APIs. It provides a domain-specific language (DSL) that simplifies writing API tests in Java. Here’s an example of using REST Assured for REST API testing:Set up a Java project with the necessary dependencies, including REST Assured.Write a test class and import the required libraries.Use REST Assured methods to create API requests, send them, and validate the responses. REST Assured provides extensive capabilities for request and response customization, authentication, handling cookies, and more.3.4. SoapUISoapUI is a widely used testing tool for web services, including REST APIs. It provides a comprehensive testing environment with a graphical user interface. Here’s an example of using SoapUI for REST API testing:Download and install SoapUI from the official website (https://www.soapui.org/downloads/latest-release.html).Launch SoapUI and create a new project.Add the API endpoint (URI) and configure request parameters, headers, and authentication.Create test cases and define test steps to send requests and validate responses.Execute the tests and view the results, including assertions and test reports.SoapUI offers advanced features like data-driven testing, script assertions, and mock services for comprehensive REST API testing.3.5. JUnit/TestNGJUnit and TestNG are popular testing frameworks for Java. While they are not specific to REST API testing, they are commonly used for writing and executing API tests alongside other types of tests. Here’s an example of using JUnit or TestNG for REST API testing:Set up a Java project with JUnit or TestNG dependencies.Write test methods and annotate them with appropriate test annotations, such as @Test.Use a library like REST Assured or HttpClient to send requests and validate responses within the test methods.Run the tests using the testing framework’s runner or through an integrated development environment (IDE).JUnit and TestNG provide powerful test management features, reporting capabilities, and integration with build tools like Maven or Gradle.These are just a few examples of tools available for REST API testing. Depending on your specific needs and preferences, you can choose the most suitable tool or combination of tools for your API testing tasks.4. REST API Testing Techniques4.1. Functional TestingLet’s consider an example of a user registration API. The API endpoint is POST /users/register, which accepts a JSON payload containing user information like name, email, and password.Test Scenario:Test Case 1: Register a new user with valid information.Request:bashCopy codePOST /users/register
Content-Type: application/json

{
“name”: “John Doe”,
“email”: “johndoe@example.com”,
“password”: “secretpassword”
}Expected Response:makefileCopy codeStatus: 200 OK
Body: {
“message”: “User registered successfully”
}Test Case 2: Register a user with an existing email.Request:bashCopy codePOST /users/register
Content-Type: application/json

{
“name”: “Jane Smith”,
“email”: “johndoe@example.com”,
“password”: “secretpassword”
}Expected Response:makefileCopy codeStatus: 400 Bad Request
Body: {
“error”: “Email already exists”
}
4.2. Parameterized TestingLet’s consider an API endpoint that calculates the sum of two numbers: POST /calculator/sum. We can perform parameterized testing using different sets of input values.Test Data:Test Data Set 1: num1 = 5, num2 = 3Test Data Set 2: num1 = -2, num2 = 7Test Data Set 3: num1 = 0, num2 = 0Test Method:scssCopy code@Test
public void testSumEndpoint(int num1, int num2, int expectedSum) {
// Prepare the request with the input numbers
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(“/calculator/sum”)
.post(RequestBody.create(MediaType.parse(“application/json”),
“{“num1″:” + num1 + “, “num2″:” + num2 + “}”))
.build();

// Send the request and retrieve the response
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
String responseBody = response.body().string();

// Verify the response
assertEquals(200, response.code());
assertEquals(expectedSum, Integer.parseInt(responseBody));
}
4.3. Data-Driven TestingLet’s consider an API endpoint that retrieves user details based on the user ID: GET /users/{userId}. We can use a data source (e.g., CSV file) to drive the test cases.CSV Test Data:Copy codeuserId
1
2
3Test Method:lessCopy code@Test
@CsvFileSource(resources = “/testdata/userIds.csv”)
public void testUserDetailsEndpoint(int userId) {
// Prepare the request with the user ID
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(“/users/” + userId)
.get()
.build();

// Send the request and retrieve the response
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
String responseBody = response.body().string();

// Verify the response
assertEquals(200, response.code());
// Perform assertions on the response body
}4.4. Security TestingLet’s consider an API endpoint that requires authentication: GET /api/users. We can test the API with different authentication scenarios.Test Scenarios:Test Case 1: Access the API without authentication.Test Case 2: Access the API with valid authentication credentials.Test Case 3: Access the API with invalid or expired authentication tokens.4.5. Performance TestingFor performance testing, we can use tools like Apache JMeter or Gatling to simulate multiple concurrent users and measure the API response times, throughput, and resource utilization. These tools allow you to define test scenarios, set the desired load, and collect performance metrics.For example, with JMeter, you can configure a Thread Group with a specific number of threads and ramp-up time. Each thread will make API requests, and you can analyze the response times and other metrics in the test results.These are just a few examples of REST API testing techniques and how they can be applied in real-world scenarios. You can adapt these techniques to suit your specific testing needs and explore additional techniques based on the requirements of your API and the testing goals.5. Best Practices for REST API Testing5.1. Test Planning and Strategyi. Define Clear Test Objectives: Clearly define the objectives and scope of your API testing. Understand the functionality, requirements, and expected outcomes of the API.ii. Identify Test Scenarios: Identify various test scenarios based on different use cases, input combinations, and boundary conditions.iii. Prioritize Test Cases: Prioritize test cases based on their criticality and impact on the application.iv. Create a Test Plan: Develop a comprehensive test plan that outlines the testing approach, test environment, test data, and test schedule.v. Test Environment Setup: Set up a dedicated test environment that closely resembles the production environment to ensure accurate testing.5.2. Test Data Managementi. Use Test Data Generation Techniques: Generate relevant test data to cover a wide range of scenarios and edge cases. Use techniques like random data generation, boundary value analysis, and equivalence partitioning.ii. Isolate Test Data: Ensure that each test case operates with its isolated test data. This prevents interference between test cases and ensures consistent and repeatable results.iii. Test Data Security: Handle sensitive test data securely. Avoid using production data in testing and anonymize data if necessary to maintain privacy and comply with data protection regulations.5.3. Test Automationi. Select the Right Automation Framework: Choose a suitable automation framework that supports REST API testing and provides features like test script creation, test data management, and result reporting.ii. Develop Reusable Test Scripts: Write modular and reusable test scripts to reduce redundancy and enhance maintainability.iii. Use Assertions: Include assertions in your test scripts to verify the correctness of API responses and ensure that the expected results match the actual results.iv. Handle Authentication: Incorporate authentication mechanisms, such as API keys, tokens, or OAuth, in your test scripts to authenticate API requests.v. Continuous Integration: Integrate your API tests with a continuous integration system, such as Jenkins or GitLab CI, to trigger automated tests on code changes and ensure regular testing.5.4. Test Reporting and Documentationi. Capture Test Results: Record and track test results, including the status of executed test cases, pass/fail outcomes, and any issues or defects encountered during testing.ii. Document Test Cases: Maintain detailed documentation of test cases, including test inputs, expected outputs, and any preconditions or dependencies.iii. Bug Reporting: Report any bugs or issues discovered during testing promptly. Provide clear and concise information, including steps to reproduce the issue, expected behavior, and actual behavior observed.5.5. Continuous Integration and Deploymenti. Version Control: Use a version control system like Git to manage your test scripts and ensure that all changes are tracked and documented.ii. Integration with CI/CD Pipeline: Integrate your API tests into the CI/CD pipeline to automate the execution of tests during the build and deployment process.iii. Monitor and Analyze Test Results: Monitor test execution and analyze test results to identify trends, performance issues, and areas for improvement.iv. Test Environment Refresh: Regularly refresh the test environment to ensure it remains up-to-date with the latest changes and configurations.By following these best practices, you can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of your REST API testing, leading to improved software quality and faster delivery cycles.6. Common Challenges and Solutions in REST API Testing6.1. Handling Authentication and AuthorizationChallenge:APIs often require authentication and authorization mechanisms, such as API keys, tokens, or OAuth.Testing APIs with authentication and authorization can be challenging due to the complexity of managing credentials and ensuring proper access control.Solution:Understand the authentication and authorization mechanisms implemented in the API.For testing, obtain valid credentials (tokens, keys) from the API provider or simulate authentication using test accounts.Use tools like Postman or REST Assured to handle authentication headers and tokens in API requests.Verify that authenticated requests return the expected responses and unauthorized requests are appropriately denied access.Consider automating the authentication process as part of your test scripts to streamline testing.6.2. Managing Test DataChallenge:Test data plays a crucial role in API testing, and managing test data can become complex, especially when dealing with different scenarios and data combinations.Ensuring the availability and integrity of test data across different test environments can be challenging.Solution:Identify the types of test data required for API testing, such as valid inputs, boundary values, and negative scenarios.Create a test data management strategy that includes data generation, data isolation, and data cleanup mechanisms.Automate the process of generating test data using scripts or tools to ensure consistency and efficiency.Use data virtualization or mocking techniques to isolate test data from the production environment, allowing independent and repeatable testing.Implement data refresh or reset mechanisms to ensure a clean test environment before each test run.6.3. Testing Endpoints with DependenciesChallenge:APIs often have dependencies on other APIs, databases, or external services.Testing endpoints with dependencies can be challenging as it requires managing the availability and consistency of dependent services.Solution:Identify the dependencies for each API endpoint and understand their impact on testing.For third-party dependencies, use mock servers or virtualization techniques to simulate the behavior of the dependent services.When testing dependent services, ensure they are available and properly configured to provide the required responses for testing.Consider stubbing or mocking the responses of dependent services to create controlled test scenarios.Automate the setup and configuration of dependent services to ensure consistency and reproducibility.6.4. Handling Dynamic ResponsesChallenge:APIs may return dynamic responses that change over time, such as timestamps, generated IDs, or calculated values.Validating dynamic responses can be challenging as the expected values may vary for each request.Solution:Identify the dynamic elements in the API responses, such as timestamps or unique identifiers.Use techniques like regular expressions or JSON path expressions to extract and validate specific values within the response.For timestamps, consider using a tolerance window to account for slight variations.If possible, request predictable responses by controlling the inputs or using specific test data.Capture and store dynamic values during test execution for subsequent validation or use in later requests.6.5. Handling Rate Limiting and ThrottlingChallenge:APIs may have rate-limiting or throttling mechanisms in place to restrict the number of requests per unit of time.Testing APIs with rate limiting or throttling can be challenging as it requires managing the request rate and handling the associated response codes.Solution:Understand the rate limiting or throttling policies implemented in the API.Adjust the request rate in your test scripts to adhere to the defined limits.Handle the rate limit or throttling responses in your test automation by implementing appropriate retry mechanisms or back-off strategies.Monitor and analyze the API responses to ensure the rate limiting or throttling mechanisms are functioning as expected.Communicate with the API provider to coordinate testing efforts and potentially request temporary adjustments to the rate limits for testing purposes.These solutions provide practical approaches to address common challenges in REST API testing. By implementing these solutions, you can overcome these challenges and ensure effective and reliable testing of your RESTful APIs.ConclusionIn conclusion, API testing is a crucial aspect of ensuring the quality and reliability of web services. Throughout this tutorial, we covered various key concepts, tools, techniques, best practices, and common challenges in API testing.Next >> REST API Testing with PostmanAuthorVaneesh BehlPassionately writing and working in Tech Space for more than a decade.

Playwright is a robust tool that automates cross-browser testing across Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit using a single API. It is an open source software developed and launched by Microsoft in 2020 and quickly gained popularity. Cross-browser testing using Playwright is a seamless process that enables efficient testing to identify and address potential issues, guaranteeing a
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Although Selenium is the most popular open-source tool for the automation testing of web applications, Playwright has been gaining much popularity as well. As the Page Object Model approach is widely used while creating test automation frameworks, we wanted to write an easy guide that can help everyone with the Playwright Page Object Model implementation.
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Postman is one of the most popular API testing tools and it can perform both manual and automated API testing. So it is a great choice for beginners who are just getting started with API testing to take the first step with manual testing and gradually move towards automation testing. Moreover, Postman has recently introduced
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Maintaining PCI DSS compliance is crucial for digital retail, ensuring the security of customer data and mitigating fraud risks. It is a set of standards designed by payment card companies and requires retailers to protect cardholder information. Retailers face challenges in data security, integrating multiple payment systems, and adapting to evolving standards. The blog discusses the best practices, including regularly updating security measures, training employees, and creating effective incident response plans. It also discusses the comprehensive approach to PCI DSS compliance, secures data and upholds customer trust and business integrity.
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Automation in healthcare, leveraging AI and RPA technologies, transforms patient care by streamlining operations and reducing human errors. It involves advanced patient data management, efficient scheduling, medication management, and remote patient monitoring. These technologies also assist in laboratory diagnostics, billing processes, and supply chain management, enhancing the accuracy and speed of healthcare services. The blog discusses implementation strategies, including thorough analysis, selection of compatible tech solutions, staff training, and continuous monitoring. With healthcare demands rising, automation is vital for efficient patient care, making technology like AI and RPA not just futuristic concepts but present-day necessities in the healthcare industry.
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Cloud application modernization is one of the crucial steps in a digital transformation process. However, the process has its challenges that businesses should know and how to tackle them. It will help in a successful transition to modern, cloud-based applications. Let’s take a look at the cloud app modernization challenges and their solutions:
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The Testing Pyramid is crucial in Agile software development, providing a structured approach to testing that balances speed with quality. It divides testing into unit, integration, and end-to-end tests, offering early bug detection and cost-efficiency. The blog discusses how this framework helps agile teams identify errors quickly, maintain high code standards, and integrate seamlessly with continuous integration/delivery processes. It also discusses the implementation challenges like balancing test types and resource allocation and how they can be prevented with best practices.
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In today’s digital business environment, managing invoices effectively is crucial. Many companies still rely on outdated, manual methods, leading to inefficiencies and increased costs. Invoice Process Automation (IPA) offers a solution that utilizes AI and ML technologies to streamline invoice handling. It significantly reduces errors, speeds processing, and integrates with existing systems for seamless financial management. The blog discusses how IPA cuts operational costs, enhances data accuracy, and improves supplier relationships. With features like automatic data extraction, digital invoicing, and comprehensive analytics, IPA is vital for modern businesses seeking efficient financial operations and strategic growth.
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Organizations must embrace speed, resiliency, and agility to stay competitive in the dynamic digital business environment. Central to this is transitioning from on-premises to cloud-native applications, which is crucial for modernizing systems and addressing market demands. The blog discusses its features like microservices, containers and orchestration, and declarative APIs developed using DevOps practices. Unlike the limited lift-and-shift approach, cloud-native apps offer vast benefits, including rapid deployment, hardware decoupling, optimized resilience, reduced vendor lock-in, and 5G readiness.
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Data observability is critical in today’s digital business landscape, particularly in enhancing Business Intelligence (BI) goals. This blog discusses the concept of data observability, its importance, and the five pillars essential for its effective implementation. It highlights how observability tools ensure data accuracy and reliability and help businesses quickly adapt to market trends and customer behaviors. By maintaining data integrity, observability aids risk management, compliance, and improved BI performance.
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Gen-AI is transforming SAP testing by automating the creation of test cases, generating synthetic data, and improving error detection, significantly enhancing efficiency and accuracy. The blog discusses how this technological advancement allows for faster adaptations to changes and continuous testing, supporting enterprises in maintaining their competitive edge. Businesses integrating gen-AI into their SAP testing protocols benefit from reduced costs, increased test coverage, and continuous improvement, ensuring their SAP systems operate with enhanced reliability and performance.
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Table of Contents What is Big Data Testing? Why is Big Data Testing Important? Challenges in Big Data Testing Impact of Big Data Testing on Business Decision-making Summary Why Choose Tx for Big Data Testing? Data is one of businesses’ most valuable assets, and it’s practically impossible for them to remain profitable and competitive without … Continue reading “How does Big Data Testing Optimize Business Operations?”
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Intelligent automation is upscaling the quick-service restaurant (QSR) industry by optimizing processes from order to delivery. The blog discusses how utilizing AI, BPM, and RPA can boost efficiency, enhance customer service, and reduce operational costs. Despite challenges like initial investment and data quality, the strategic implementation of intelligent automation can significantly benefit QSRs, improving productivity and adapting to market trends efficiently.
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The Property Hooks RFC passed a significant milestone, getting an overwhelmingly positive 34 “yes” votes and only 1 “no” vote.…